Migration Pattern across the Indian States—Analysis of Census 2001 and 2011

The main objective of this paper is to study the interstate migration pattern in India. The data is collected for 13 states of India classified as low, middle and high-income states. The study is conducted based on census data 2001 and 2011, and the net migration rate is computed. The research demonstrates that there is a positive relation between inward migration and development. To support this argument, the data for per capita income, literacy rate of the population age 7 years and above, and the unemployment rate for years 2001 and 2011 are collected from various sources. This paper will also highlight the four phases of demographic transition in India. The data from the World Bank is collected to identify any changes in the birth rate per thousand, the death rate per thousand, and the life expectancy at birth from 1901-2011. The age dependency ratio for 2001 and 2011 is compared for poor and rich states. The expected future consequences of changes in the age dependency ratio are also analyzed in conclusion. The paper also discusses the limitations of migration and the policies that can slow down the migration phenomenon.

the country and over 60% of the poor people live in these 7 states (India States Brief, 2018). According to the World Bank data, in 2019, the total population of India was 1.37 billion which is about 18% of the World population. New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bengaluru and Chennai are five major megacities of India, and the congestion of population problem of these cities is not hidden from anyone.
Interstate migration is the main reason for the growing population of high-income states and major cities. According to the Census of India 2001, about 307 million people have been reported as migration by place of birth which is 29.9% of the total population. The number of migrants by place of last residence data shows that 13.8 % (41 Million) have been interstate migrants, and 85% have been are compared to identify any changes in the migration pattern. This paper also underlines the four phases of population growth in India since 1901, using data on the birth rate per thousand, the death rate per thousand, and the life expectancy at birth.

Migration Pattern across India-2001
We will begin by defining what is migration, inward migration and outward migration. The term Migration is defined as the movement of people from one place to another (to a different region, state, or country). Inward migration is defined as the number of people who have migrated into a state from other states of the same country. Outward migration is defined as the number of people who have migrated out of the state to other states of the same country. To figure out states with inward migration, outward migration, and migration rate, data is collected from the Census of India 2001-Data Highlights for total Population (1991) (Note 1) A negative migration rate indicates that people have migrated out of the state to other states. A positive www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ape Advances in Politics and Economic Vol. 4, No. 1, 2021 22 Published by SCHOLINK INC. migration rate indicates that people have moved into the state from other states. All the above-mentioned data is arranged in "  (2000)(2001) and Literacy Rate (2001) We will first focus on the relation between migration rate and per capita income. " Table 2" shows the data for per capita income at current prices 2000-2001 (In Rupees).

Figure 1. Migration Rate and Per Capita Income
It is clear from " Figure 1" that there is a positive correlation between per capita income (2000)(2001) and the migration rate (1991)(1992)(1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001) According to data from " There are numerous underlying reasons for such a gap between poor and wealthy states such as social, economic, and political factors embedded in structural and economic policies. We will elaborate more on the education aspect as an indicator of the development of any region, state and country. The higher the level of education achieved by the people, the better the social and economic conditions are of that place.
"   (1999)(2000) and Migration Rate (1991Rate ( -2001 In " Table 3" data collected from the Reserve Bank of India-Handbook of Statistics on Indian States for the rural and urban unemployment rate (1999)(2000) per 1000 are classified. (Note 2) The urban unemployment rate is higher than the rural unemployment rate in all low, middle-and high-income states except Delhi. One of the reasons for high unemployment in urban areas is the migration of people from poor rural areas to urban areas in search of better employment opportunities, improved lifestyle, and availability of necessities such as water supply, electricity, health care, education, etc.
West Bengal has the highest total unemployment rate but, surprisingly, only 0.01% of people migrate out of West Bengal. Bihar has the second-highest total unemployment rate which can also be one of the reasons for the high outward migration rate.  Marriage and employment-related reasons seem to be the most common for out-migration. Delhi is the capital and the well-developed state of India. It has a better education system, health care, transport system, high standard of living, and employment opportunities. There are only 37 people in 1000 who move out of Delhi for employment-related reasons which is lowest as compared to other states. On the contrary, 565 people in 1000 move out of Bihar for employment-related reasons which is higher than any other state. Odisha ranks 2 nd and Uttar Pradesh ranks 3 rd having 447 and 318 people respectively move out for employment-related migration. For all the other states, migration out of state for employment-related reasons ranges from 11% to 30%.
The most popular reason for out-migration in Delhi is marriage which is 905 people out of 1000.
Marriage related migration in Bihar is only 286 which is the lowest as compared to other states.
Himachal Pradesh and Karnataka are very close in numbers for marriage-related migration which is 530 and 549 respectively. The range for marriage-related migration is very broad from 28% to 90%.
It is no surprise to know that there are only 4 in 1000 who move out of Delhi for education which is also the lowest in the country. We know from " Uttar Pradesh ranks 1st on migration-related to the movement of parents or earning partners which are 112 people out of 1000. Conversely, Delhi ranks lowest as only 5 in 1000 move out on the movement of a parent or earning partner. 10% people of Bihar move out with parents or earning partners.
Migration in this category range between 5% to 10% for most of the states. There are 9 out of 1000 people of Punjab, and 8 out of 1000 people of Karnataka fall under the forced migration category. It is shocking to know that the forced migration is highest in Punjab despite the state doing well in all aspects such as literacy rate, unemployment, and income. On average, there are about 20% of the people who migrate for other reasons as well.

Migration Pattern Across India-2011
Below in " Table 5        Haryana has increased, the inward migration rate of these states has decreased. This result indicates that only the high per capita income of any state is not sufficient to attract people from other states.
In " Table 8  which is a 30.53% increase; however, the increase in the unemployment rate is more than double the increase in inward migration rate.
It is also surprising to see that even though more

Interpretation of Demographics of Migration
The term "Demography" is defined as the study of population with connection to size, birth rate, death rate, population growth rate, and migration. The data collected from the Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India is arranged in " Table 9" which shows the total population in a decade, increase or decrease in population size, percentage change from 1901-2011. In " Control on nationwide spread diseases helped to decrease the death rate. There was also a minor decrease in the birth rate.
The third phase is from 1951-1981. There was a rapid increase in population in this period. From 1951From -1961, the increase in population was 21.64 %, followed by an increase of 24. 80% and 24.66% during 196180% and 24.66% during -197180% and 24.66% during and 197180% and 24.66% during -198180% and 24.66% during respectively. During 195180% and 24.66% during -1981, the birth rate continuously declined. increased in the period 1911-1920, and after 1920, there was a continuous decline in the death rate. The decline in the birth rate was smaller as compared to the death rate which has been the major reason for the population growth.
" age dependency ratio, younger was far more than the decrease in the age dependency ratio, old. So, the overall decrease in the age dependency ratio is because of a decrease in the age dependency ratio, young.

Age Dependency Ratios-2001 and 2011
In " even though Odisha has a higher percentage of working-age population compared to Madhya Pradesh.
Therefore, the correlation between per capita income and the working-age population is weak.

Comparison of Age Dependency Ratio-2001 and 2011
In 2011, the percentage of the younger population decreased, and the percentage of the 60+ age group increased in all states. The decrease in the percentage of the younger population is because of the falling birth rate, and an increase in the percentage of the older population is because of the falling death rate. According to data on the percentage of the population in age groups 2011, Uttar Pradesh has the highest younger population of 35%, and Delhi has the lowest younger population of 24.5%. The percentage of population 60+ is highest in Himachal Pradesh 10.3% and lowest in Delhi 6.5%. The percentage of the working-age population also increased in all states. Delhi has the highest working-age population of 69.1%, and Uttar Pradesh has the lowest working-age population of 57.9%.
As in 2001, the percentage of the younger population of Bihar was about 9.6% higher than the percentage of the younger population of Delhi. On the other hand, the working-age population of Delhi was 10% higher than the working-age population of Bihar. One would estimate that over a decade, in 2011, the younger population of Bihar will enter the working-age group, and some percentage of the working-age population of Delhi will enter the 60+ age group. For that reason, the percentage of the working-age population in Bihar and Delhi will be roughly the same. However, data on the percentage of population dependency ratio 2011 tells a different story. The percentage of the working-age population of Delhi remains 10.2% higher than the working-age population of Bihar. This difference is related to the migration of people from low-income states to high-income states. The inward migration is more beneficial for those states where there is a large percentage of a younger and older population.
The people from low-income states move to the middle-and high-income states and help to overcome the problem of labor force shortage.
It is expected that in the future, the percentage of the working-age population will shrink in all states as the percentage of population 0-14 is declining. On the other hand, the percentage of the 60+ age group will increase in all states because of the declining death rate. This may result in a shortage of labor. The problem of labor shortage may affect more the outward migration states. The high inward migration rate of rich states may be helpful or completely overcome the problem of decreasing the percentage of the labor force.
It is evident from the below " Figures 11 & 12" that there is a similar pattern for the percentage of population dependency ratios for the rich and poor states. The percentage of the population 0-14 has declined, working-age population and 60+ population percentages have increased from 2001 to 2011.
So, the problem of the shrinking working-age population will be faced by both rich and poor states.
The rich states may have an advantage of inward migration which will help in expanding the working-age population pool.

Conclusion
The inward and outward migration rate of states have changed from the period 1991-2001 to [2001][2002][2003][2004][2005][2006][2007][2008][2009][2010][2011]. However, the out-migration is still from low-income states to high-income states. There is a negative relationship between poverty and inward migration. Outward migration states are poor and lag in economic and social development. The expansion of high-income states is far higher than the growth of low-income states. This is verified by the literacy rate of the population age seven and above, unemployment rate, and per capita income data of low and high-income states for years 2001 and 2011.
The difference in per capita income is growing over time. The saying that "the rich have become richer and the poor have become poorer" completely holds true for the Indian economy. The literacy rate of poor income states has increased over time, but still less than the high-income states.
It is evident from the data that the birth rate per thousand follows the decreasing trend from 1901-2011.
The death rate per thousand has also fallen from 1921 to 2011. were paying about Rs 1200 per quintal. This new policy is going to hurt not only farmers of Punjab, Haryana and Bihar, also the labor that works in farms.
The development of states is the key for in and out-migration. The government's focus on the development of big cities and ignorance towards the agriculture sector is attracting many people towards developed cities in search of higher paid jobs and improved living. Migration is a desirable incidence, but it does have negative consequences in some states. It is clear from the data that the urban unemployment rate is higher than the rural unemployment rate. The actual job creation rate in developed cities is lower than the in-migration rate. The reality is that many migrants end up working in informal sectors of low skilled, low-productivity, and self-employed such as street hawking, petty service jobs. The mass migration is giving rise to urban slums and shantytowns. Many people live in houses that are made of waste materials such as cardboard, plastic, old clothes, torn metal pieces, paper, mud, and wood. These houses have little or no access to clean drinking water, sanitation, electricity, etc., and people are exposed to many infectious diseases such as Diarrhea, Cholera, Measles, Typhoid, etc. The financial situation of these people is so critical that many poor children and women become victims of beggary, child labor, and prostitution.
The main reasons for migration are poverty and unemployment, and this issue needs to be addressed by policymakers. The younger people are usually the ones who migrate in search of employment and livelihood. The out-migration of the labor force is not a good sign for the progress of that state. The focus on development in states such as Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan will lower the out-migration rate.
One of the key factors in policymaking is to understand what factors are responsible for the decision-making process of migration. Why people move out, and how mass migration of people affects economic and social development. Balanced development in all states ismust to lower the migration rate. The government must have policies in place to provide equal health care, education and other basic facilities such as water supply, electricity, transportation, etc. in all states. The government should also equally support the agriculture sector and subsidize small-scale farmers. Expansion of the small scale and labor-intensive industries in low-income states will help to lower the unemployment rate and mass out-migration.