Machiavelli’s Political Thought and Its Inspiration—Text Analysis Based on the Prince

Machiavelli is one of the founders of modern bourgeois political theory. The birth of his masterpiece The Prince creates a new pattern of western political thought, which marks the first time that political science has escaped from the bondage of religion and ethics. At the same time, Machiavelli is also named “Machiavelliism”. The so-called “no means to achieve the purpose” has become the greatest misunderstanding of Machiavelli. Based on the prince analysis of Machiavelli’s political thought, around his national unity of Italy launched the national regime, military, monarchy and other aspects of thinking.

Western Europe, breaks the restrictions and shackles since the Middle Ages, eliminates the customs and heavy taxes caused by political division, and establishes a unified domestic market. Therefore, the emerging middle class has become an important force in the monarchy. Common interests make the two opposing classes reach a common front of anti-religion and unity. George Holland Sabine pointed out, therefore, by the beginning of the 16th century, the monarchy had become or would soon become a universal regime in Western Europe. The above is the political, economic and cultural background of Machiavelli's creation of The prince. His visit to the Republic of Florence was contemptuous, which made him deeply feel that the weak country had no diplomacy, and that France was strong and Italy was divided. In 1512, the Medici tyranny was restored, Machiavelli was once arrested and imprisoned. After he was released from prison in 1513, he stayed in the countryside, buried his head and wrote books, and lived in poverty. In the daytime, he was a hard-working countryman in labor life. In the evening, he fantasized about the temple, meeting with the ancients and explored the way of governing the country. After the restoration of the Republic, Machiavelli hoped to return to the political arena with a political ambition to die without depression.

Analysis of Machiavelli and
As a politician, Machiavelli's life is tragic and profound. Poor and miserable, Yongyu Rucheng, Machiavelli completed the immortal realism classic The prince and its sister Discourses on the First Ten Books of Titus Livius in difficult circumstances. In addition, Machiavelli also wrote the drama La Mandragola (1513) to praise people's wisdom and love, and criticized the hypocrisy and degeneration of the church, which was not only a ridicule to the social morality at that time, but also a reflection of the author's attitude to moral ethics and the church. Alan Gilbert focused on Machiavelli and pointed out that without reading La Mandragola he did not understand The prince. L'art de la guerre (1520), the first modern military masterpiece, expounded the close relationship between military and politics in the form of dialogue, and guided people to fight against aggression from military tactics, which was better than the battlefield. Engels once highly evaluated Machiavelli's contribution and believed that it was a politician, a historian, a poet, and the first modern military writer worth mentioning. The book Florentine histories (1525) Marx pointed out that the rule of the Pope was the root of Italy's decline.
Machiavelli studies and summarizes Italy's political and military aspects from a historical perspective, explores the historical lessons of Italy's decline, and explores the road to revitalize the motherland.

The Time Value of the Prince
Machiavelli discussed the quality of the new monarch from the history of Greece and Rome and the www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ape Advances in Politics and Economics Vol. 5, No. 1, 2022 36 Published by SCHOLINK INC. real politics in Italy, rather than demonstrating how to become Ceas are from the Christian doctrine and the oracle of God. Robert D. Kaplan says, "Machiavelli is an outstanding Renaissance humanist whose focus is on the people rather than God. He stressed the need for politics, not moral perfection, which constituted his philosophical attack on the church." On the one hand, the Prince made the state view of political science get rid of the shackles of religious theology for the first time. The Prince was independent of morality and ethics in political research. The separation of politics and morality opened the process of modern political science, so Machiavelli became the father of modern political science.
In Machiavelli's view, responsible monarchs need not act according to the church's moral principles.
On the other hand, Machiavelli's attitude towards religion is ambiguous. As a realist, he opposed churches that bound state power rather than religion itself. On the contrary, religion can serve as an ideological tool of state machinery to maintain rule. Moreover, he foresees the coming era of capitalist development and nation-state. Therefore, the unification of Italy must get rid of the shackles of Roman Catholic church.
Machiavelli's thought is dominated by the times, and there are two kinds of worship plots: one is the worship of tyrants with wisdom, and the other is the worship of freedom and autonomy. There are contradictions between the two, but Machiavelli put them together as the theory of founding and governing the country. Autocratic monarchy is aimed at the establishment and transformation of the country. Once the country is on the right track, in order to maintain long-term stability, it must be done: one is to allow people to participate in politics to a certain extent, the other is that the monarch must govern according to law in the process of governing the country, and fully ensure that the property rights and other rights of the subjects are not denied. Autocratic monarchy is a powerful political medicine for Italy, which is very beneficial to save Italy's national destiny. If used improperly, it will become a poison. After all, unification is still going to the road of bourgeois republic.

Discrimination of Two Machiavellianism
As a representative of Italy's emerging bourgeoisie in the late Middle Ages, Machiavelli advocated ending Italy's political division and establishing a strong centralized state. In the Prince, he believed that the republican regime was the best form of state, but he also believed that the republican system was unable to end Italy's fragmentation. The implementation of monarchy was only an expedient measure to save Italy. The violence of the monarchy was a medicine that could make subjects obey, resist the invasion of strong enemies, and treat morbid countries. He emphasized that politics of power, brutality, cunning, hypocrisy, lies and disbelief were justified as long as they were helpful to the rule of the monarchy. This idea was called "Machiavellianism" by later generations, which became a typical way for politicians to play politics, and even used as a theoretical basis for the implementation of dictatorship.
Some people call Machiavelli a master of realism, some scholars call him an outstanding representative of republicanism, and others call him a pluralistic liberal. He is seen as an extremely cynical person, a passionate patriot, a strong nationalist, a political conspirator, a docile democrat and a shameless tyrant. The relationship between political trickery and Machiavelli can be divided into two groups: one group believes that political trickery is evil, and then believes that he is evil, labelling Machiavelli as evil. The other view is that power itself does not care about evil. It is believed that power is a tool and means to achieve rule, and there is no good or evil in itself. Moreover, Machiavelli is also a patriot, and its actual behavior is understandable and reasonable. The multiple definition of Machiavelli's identity, on the one hand, because the scholars want to give their own theory to seek support, on the other hand also shows that many scholars on Machiavelli's ideological interpretation is controversial. The Blackwell encyclopaedia of political thought defines Machiavellianism as "Machiavellianism means that in the process of people's pursuit of purpose, there is no need for moral scruples, and the result determines the legitimacy of the method." The two meanings of Machiavellianism are at the human level, in the interests of the individual by any means. At the national level, for the interests of the collective and community have to take unjust means.
In the modern context, Machiavelli's thought has been dwarfed as "no means to achieve the goal".
Politicians have apparently attacked Machiavelli, but they have always wondered how to achieve their political goals by using inferior means. In fact, the world misread Machiavelli, power theory is not "persuade people to do evil", he did not deny the legitimacy of good deeds, but under certain conditions to give power rationality. Hans Morgenthau realized the important role of morality, "political realism understands the moral significance of political action," but he then discussed that "realism insists that universal moral principles cannot be applied to state behavior in abstract universal forms, and moral principles must be filtered through specific time and place environments." Therefore, prudent realists believe that in order to achieve national interests and compete for international political dominance, sometimes have to take inferior means, this Machiavellianism is reasonable.

Machiavelli's Political Thought
The theme of Machiavelli's political thought is to be a qualified monarch, focusing on what the monarchy is, what kind it has, how it gets, how it maintains and why it loses. Based on the evil nature of human nature, Machiavelli requires the monarch to obtain experience from history to control the evil human nature, and form Machiavelli's utilitarian view of history. The book is dedicated to Lorenzo Medici, one is to hope that the monarch can achieve the great position allowed by its quality; second, hope to get the favor of the monarch, get rid of the unfortunate fate. The political thought in the Prince can be simply summarized into three points: the state regime, the military system and the monarchy.

On National Regime
In the Prince, Machiavelli discusses the types of monarchy in 11 chapters, the ways to obtain the ruling power and their respective characteristics and means to retain them, and puts forward how to rule and how to make the monarchy long-term stability. rulers. Later experience often shows that things are contrary to their wishes, so that they cannot bear the torture of the new monarch. Therefore, Machiavelli proposed that as long as the rulers take advantage of the opportunities provided by the rebellion to punish criminals without hesitation, make clear the suspects, and prepare in the weakest place to strengthen their status, it will be difficult to lose the rebel area.For the same region, the same language, only exterminate the old monarch blood, but not change the legal tax, treatment of different languages, customs and various institutional areas, the internal conquerors should be stationed in person, the monarchs (as the Turks do in Greece), sending colonial rather than garrison troops, externally, it appeases the weak country, inhibits the powerful country, and balances the power. Rome defends itself against the slightest threat, and when it takes the opportunity to assert itself, France destroys itself. Therefore, an iron law can be drawn: who is the reason for the strongness of others, who will perish himself. For the threat to the rule of security forces, must be hard-hearted, weeding, connivance of their hostile forces, is to cultivate their grave diggers.
There are two completely different situations in the maintenance of regime system and national stability: a monarch and a group of officials dominate Turkey, the monarch is supreme, and the loyalty of subjects is difficult to occupy but easy to maintain. In France, ruled by the monarch and the vassals, the power of the vassals was not derived from the monarch, and the subjects were loyal to their respective rulers, which was easy to occupy but difficult to maintain. Conquest and rule of a free state before occupation: First, destruction. Second, the monarch stationed himself. Third, support the puppet government. Due to the slow resistance of the monarchy, as long as the monarchy is eliminated, the people will neither elect a new monarch, nor understand what freedom is, and can easily obtain it. As for the Republic with strong vitality, hatred and revenge, the most reliable way is to eliminate and maintain it.
One way to obtain a new monarchy is to rely on their own force and ability, rely on opportunities rather than fate, and it is difficult to keep business. Moise and Salvo Ciro, the former seized the opportunity that the Israeli nation did not want to be enslaved, the latter perceived the Persians' dissatisfaction with the Medirule. Do not rely on luck to maintain a stable position, take new rules and regulations to ensure national security, and the old system beneficiaries revenge, but not the new system beneficiaries for friends. the opponents master the law which is beneficial to their own, so that the beneficiaries of the new system are afraid. The new system has not yet landed, so it is better to continue "let the bullet fly".
Because of the fear of the enemy and the doubt of the new things, the monarch with them is always dangerous, so when people no longer believe in, they rely on force to force them to model, that is, all armed prophets have won the victory, rather than armed prophets have failed.
The second way to obtain a new monarchy is to rely on the force of others or because of luck, it is difficult to obtain a monarchy. Simply rely on other people's recognition of good intentions and luck, changeless, unstable, booming countries, as nature rapidly breed all life, the lack of deep-rooted, crisscross, can not withstand the destruction of the storm. Francesco Sforza and Ceasare Borgia, the former rely on their outstanding ability to obtain a very hard position and maintain a very difficult position, the latter rely on the exchange of interests between his father and France to obtain Romania, after the ambitions of France was blocked, through the reward of money, according to the status of the ranks of the promotion of official rank cage rival forces become allies. To exterminate the family of deposed rulers, to fight for all the Roman aristocrats to suppress the New Pope, to win the favor of the Pivot Archbishop and to gain greater power while his father is alive, the only reason why Borgia can be blamed, that is, the reason for his demise is to elect the Pope: believe in giving new favors to make a great man forget the damage of the past and deceive himself!
The third way to obtain monarchical power is to use the evil way, the same means of rape and brutality, Agatocle by the hands of the Carthages to kill the Senate, seize Sicily, can live safely in the country.
Within one year of Oliverotto's possession of the country, it endangers urban security and the eyes of neighboring countries, and it is difficult to maintain rule. The reason lies in the proper use or harsh use of brutal means, the damage to the people and the brutal need to be completed once, and strive to reduce damage and resentment. Gratitude to the people should be given one by one, so that the people can better taste the taste of favor and always feel the king's virtue.
The fourth way to obtain monarchy is to rely on the help of aristocrats or civilians. In a city, there are two opposing parties between people and aristocrats, which are generated in the city: monarchy, autonomy or anarchy. It is more difficult for a monarch to rely on aristocrats to obtain monarchical power than on the people, because the gap between aristocrats and their status is small, it is difficult to command, and the needs of civilians are easy to handle and centralized. Managing aristocrats: First, respect the emperor's orders, not greedy to be loved. Second: do not rely on the monarch, natural timidity can be used, such people respect the monarch, adversity without fear. Third, out of ambition, do not rely on the monarch, to guard against adversity when not subject to the heart. It is necessary for the monarch to keep friendly with the people in order to avoid being in adversity. It is a dangerous state for a monarchy to shift from civilian politics to autocratic politics. Replacing self-governance with official governance, it is dominated by the will of officials in times of crisis, and there is a risk of usurping power. Therefore, a wise monarch needs to consider allowing people to seek monarch at all times.
The measure of the power of the monarchy: whether the monarch can rely on their own human and financial resources to determine the battlefield, or stick to help. According to the city's defense of the monarch, through the city's strict barriers, food and grass, give up the countryside outside the city, deal with relations with people, for people's support, to break through such a monarch is not easy. To let the people live together with the city, a strong and bold monarch is needed to encourage the people to believe that the scourge will not last long, and make the people fear the cruelty of the enemy. For a long time, the enemy destroyed the suburbs of the city, and the monarch gave mercy to make his citizens strong and guard the city.
All the difficulties of the church sovereign state come from the ability or luck to obtain the church sovereign state before it is obtained, while keeping it depends on the ancient religious system. Under this ancient system, the pope was in power without restriction, with the state without defense, with the subjects without governance, and the regime was not seized. Officials and people did not mind and did not intend to abandon the monarch. This part fully shows Machiavelli's theory of monarchical hegemony by discussing the state regime: "Who is to promote others to be strong, who will exterminate himself", "Should care for people, or eliminate". He paid great attention to strategies to achieve the above theories. These propositions and theories reflected his hegemony thought, the way of governing the country and the political system thought of "taking whatever means to achieve the purpose".

On Military System
The second part discusses the military system. Machiavelli proposed that a monarchy without excellent military forces cannot have good discipline. As long as the military is strong, the monarchy must have good law. The army is the pillar of national unity. The monarch should pay attention to the construction of the army to consolidate his rule, focus on the types and characteristics of the army, analyze in detail the military system thought, and expound the importance of force and the army, classify the types of the army as mercenaries, foreign aid, mixed army and national army, and discuss in detail the origin of mercenaries and foreign aid.
If there is no good army there is no good law. therefore establish a regular military regime. Finally, the Pope played a greater role in secular affairs.
The power of the Roman Holy See rose, the monarchy was weakened, the power of God exceeded that of Ceasare, and the proliferation of mercenaries aggravated the division of Italy.
Assistance is more dangerous than mercenaries. Assistance itself is good and useful. Once aid fails, the monarch will be isolated and helpless, and once victory becomes a prisoner of aid. The combat effectiveness of the aid forces is far more than that of the mercenaries, but the danger is far more than that of the mercenaries. The mercenaries are lax in discipline, weak in combat effectiveness and mindful of money. It takes time and opportunity to win the harmed monarch by luck, and they are also controlled by the agents of the mercenary countries. Aid forces are united, brave and fierce, and completely obey foreign orders, which makes their destructiveness far greater than mercenaries. In terms of combat effectiveness, national army > hybrid army (army of Louis XI) > foreign aid army > mercenary. Hazard coefficient: aid army > mercenary army > hybrid army > national army. Loyalty: national army > hybrid army > mercenary army > aid army. In summary, the best military system should be the National Army, followed by hybrid army, mercenary army, and foreign aid army.
Therefore, the wise monarch would rather rely on his own army to defeat than rely on the force of others to win, he believes that relying on others is not a real victory. "The weakest and the weakest thing in the world is the power and reputation based on the power of others". A stable monarchy must have its own army, composed of its own officials, citizens or people.
Military responsibility of the monarch, in Machiavelli military is the only profession of the monarch. In addition to war, military system and training, the monarch should not have other goals, other ideas, and should not take other things as their own profession, because it is the only profession for the commander. Military affairs can maintain the status of those who are born kings, and also enable people to leap to the throne. Born in trouble and die in peace, the primary reason for the death of the monarch is to ignore military affairs. Armed people disdain and refuse to obey unarmed people, unarmed people suspect armed people, and the monarch cannot be respected by soldiers, and cannot trust them so that they cannot coexist peacefully. In peacetime, the monarch should pay more attention to military than in war time. First, through taking actions, such as hunting, physical exercise, hard habits, understanding mountains and rivers to better protect the motherland and apply to other places.
Second, by thinking, in peacetime it is necessary to think more about the method of war, the monarch Filipomene often thinking training to be able to deal with any unexpected events. In addition to military thinking training on the ground, it is necessary to study historical great men and examine the reasons for their success in the war. A wise monarch should abide by making good use of precious time in peacetime and concentrate on military affairs in order to prepare for counterattack in adversity.
Machiavelli strongly criticized the harm of mercenaries in the military system, and believed that "Italy's current decline is the cause of long-term dependence on mercenaries". It also analyzes the disadvantages of relying on mercenaries and foreign aid and mixed forces. In times of chaos, the monarch must hold heavy armies to end the dispute and achieve order. Even the saints cannot make people abide by the law by their own teachings. A qualified monarch should establish an army that is only loyal to himself in order to give play to leadership at a critical moment. He warned the monarch that it was necessary to build and rely on a strong military force that he could command directly.
"Never let his thinking leave the question of military training", Violence played an important role in maintaining the dominant position of the monarch, and force brought about profound changes in the order of human society.

On the Power of Monarchs
The way to obtain monarchical power is right and wrong, malignant also has a good side, emphasizing the inferior means to be completed at one time, unless it is beneficial to the subjects, the future can never be used again. The third part of the fifteenth to twenty-sixth chapters is the key content of this book, focuses on the monarch's rule and the right to life, expounds Machiavelli's right and strategic thinking. This part will control the subjects and the national outlook through the monarch's quality, and analyze that a qualified monarch should learn to maintain majesty and smoothness at the same time.
The subjects should be feared and loved. The monarch should avoid dependence on the castle, avoid crooked subjects, and always warn himself.

On the Quality of Monarch
In terms of morality, a monarch must know how to do things that are not entirely ethical and how to choose to use or retain the means as appropriate. In fact, life is far from how to live. People should live in the present to avoid self-destruction. To maintain their status, the monarch must know how to do bad things and take measures according to the actual situation. The quality of the monarch is more likely to cause praise or blame, praise his generosity, mercy, compassion, honesty and so on, and depreciate him stingy, greedy, cruel, dishonest and so on. The monarch's attribute does not allow him to possess and maintain all the good qualities. The wise monarch should know how to avoid the evil deeds of the dead country, and retain the laissez-faire under the conditions permitted will not lead to the evil deeds of the dead country. There is no need to tangles between evildoing and regime, nor to blame themselves for evildoing. The only law of sovereign behavior: to retain power!
There is no precise definition of the quality of the monarch in The Prince. Machiavelli follows the authority of classical and humanism, and interprets the quality of the monarch as helping the monarch resist the attack of the goddess of luck, striving for her favor, so as to reach the peak of the reputation of the monarch, win honor and glory for himself, and win stability for the regime. It is embodied in the metaphors of generosity and meanness, cruelty and kindness, and keeping promises.
The monarch should not mind the name of stinginess. Generosity will make the monarch fall into disdain and hatred. If the monarch uses his own generosity, he will inevitably run out of money. If he wants to retain the name of generosity, he will inevitably levy atrocities and increase the burden on the people. His subjects begin to hate him and despise him. This generosity can only benefit a few. The monarch will also take the lead in times of crisis and get the name of stinginess. The monarch was generous to most people by saving and resisting foreign aggression with abundant income. In order to become a monarch before generosity is necessary, but the monarch generosity will attract contempt and hatred, miser although not good will not attract hatred. If the monarch's expense comes from himself and his people, he must be thrifty and can be as generous as possible by looting, extorting and using the enemy's money, because generosity is not only damaging to fame but also rising to fame. A wise monarch would rather bear the name of miser than pursue the reputation of generosity.
For Machiavelli, the problem is not the choice between good and evil, but the choice between ordinary means and extraordinary means, and clarify the special nature of the state division in his era. Cruel or kindness, loved or feared, the cruelty of the monarch to create order is more than the excessive kindness to be kind. Excessive benevolence ignores the unrest and damages the whole society. Only a few people execute punishment. The founding monarch is facing a dangerous and complex situation at home and abroad. The name of cruelty is inevitable. Trusting others or taking action must be careful, but there is no need for a cup of bow and snake shadow. It is necessary to think carefully, act orderly, not rash or suspect narrowly. Love and fear, both better, if must choose, fear is much safer for the monarch. Love depends on grace, people are accustomed to profit forget righteousness, money bought not firm, fear will make people for fear of punishment and cast a rat scrutiny, offending their loved ones than offending their fear of a lot less scrutiny. The monarch should not deprive his own people of their property, and should not mean that their wives and daughters should avoid being hated by people.
"People forget that the death of their father is faster than the loss of their inheritance." People can forgive the murderer of their father, but they will not forgive those who deprive them of their inheritance. Therefore, smart rulers will kill people, but they will not plunder their subjects. Annibale's achievements have benefited from his talents and ruthlessness. Scipione has been betrayed by the army for being too kind. People love the monarch based on their own ideas, fear the monarch based on the will of the monarch. A wise monarch should be based on his own will rather than the ideas of others.
What needs to be done is to avoid hatred.
The experience of the times shows that the great monarchs do not attach importance to keeping faith, but conquer the people who have always kept faith by tricks. They are always skilled in using the two complementary struggle methods of law belonging to human beings and force belonging to beasts. The means of law often have defects. The monarch must use the means of beasts to achieve political purposes. A monarch should be a mixture of man and beast. He should use law to fight for man. He should be brave as a lion to shock a jackal as a fox to break a trap. As discussed above, Machiavellianism at two levels is the essence of Machiavellianism in the narrow sense, and the means of purpose proof is the internal logic of Machiavellianism in the sense of national rationality. A wise monarch can never and should not abide by faith, especially the new monarch in which the environment, determines his multiple personality, must always be ready to change. A monarch is not a gentleman, but must be a hypocrite. People judge that the monarch depends on the eyes more than the hands. Everyone can see the monarch but rarely touch it, and it is more difficult to understand the monarch. Therefore, although the monarch does the same thing as the dog, he should pretend to be a modest monarch. During the conversation, he reveals compassion, faith, humanity, and respect for God, "being a great disguiser and a good person". In order to conquer and retain power, the monarch can do anything. All actions of the monarch must be based on whether it is conducive to rule. It is necessary to promote peace and faith, but compliance with either of them will make his reputation and power grabbed.
The monarch's greedy occupation of his subjects' property, his wife and daughter, was hated, and his fickleness and cowardice were despised. The monarch must avoid and prevent these, and be brave, resolute and tenacious, and must give the subjects the impression that no one expects to deceive or hide him! Threats faced by the monarch: conspirators and foreign forces within the people, as long as the monarch from the people's hate, both internal and external affairs can be tactful and playful. The latter can be defended only by elite generals and close allies, while the former relies on the majesty of the monarch, the law, the protection of allies and the goodwill of the people, which will make the conspiracyrs dare not act rashly. The example of Annibale, the monarch of Polonia, is sufficient to make the conspiracyrs understand that the conspiracy against the people's happy and honest monarch is bound to anger the people. One of the most important things of the wise monarch is not to force aristocrats to meet the people at the same time. As one of the best countries in the order of the times, the king of France restrains aristocrats to protect civilians through parliament, and is not contested by aristocrats and non-refugee civilians. The things that bear responsibility entrust others to the people.
The monarch is in charge of the things that give people grace. It is necessary to attach importance to the noble and protect the people. The Roman emperor faced three difficulties: the ambition of aristocrats, the arrogance of the people and the brutal greed of the army. At the same time, it was difficult to satisfy the peace-loving people who liked the gentle and humble monarch and the military who liked the brutal greed monarch. The new emperor was in urgent need of army to help him and offend the people. The reality decided that he could only avoid being hated by the most powerful party, and the monarch wanted to retain the army to deal with the civilians. The reasons for the death of Roman emperors listed in this paper are mostly hatred and contempt. Imitation of Marco and Severo is not only futile but also extremely dangerous for them. It is more necessary for the emperors of the Roman and Turkish empires to satisfy the military than the people, but now on the contrary, the first thing to consider is the people, because the people are more powerful, which is undoubtedly a historical progress.
Machiavelli does not exclude benevolence. Benevolence towards others will lead to insecurity for most people, which is inhuman for most people. What is to be achieved is the benevolence of all people, which is a more macroscopic and comprehensive view of benevolence. Although his theory also has the consideration of the interests of the monarch itself, the ultimate goal is for all people. To a certain extent, Machiavelli's support for kingship and monarchy is also in order to achieve the unity of modern countries with kingship and develop capitalist economy, which requires great courage and tolerance of loneliness. Machiavelli did not advocate the monarch's "immorality" from the beginning. If conditions permitted, he was very willing to use morality to achieve morality. However, Machiavelli lived in Italy during the Renaissance. At that time, the Italian separatist forces were very serious, and the city-state countries were hostile to each other. The whole Italy was divided and ravaged by Spain, France and other countries. In that context, Machiavelli advocated the establishment of a unified Italy to resist external aggression and achieve the security and unity of the Italian people. In exceptional circumstances, it is necessary to use extraordinary means. Obviously, at that time, it was impossible for a gentleman who was indecisive to complete the task of unifying Italy. What Italy needed was a strong and powerful monarch.

On the Control of Subjects
When it comes to the relationship between the monarch and his subjects, Machiavelli advocates that the monarch armed some of his subjects, making them become their own force and giving them grace.
Others will also understand and recognize that the armed will face danger and responsibility. The reward should be appropriate, the monarch will be loved, the armed subjects will be more loyal, and others will fear the monarch. Once you want to disarm, it will be regarded as timid or discredited, and hatred is also bred. To obtain a new country or territory, it is necessary to disarm the country and weaken the power to follow itself. The machine of violence must be in the hands of the monarch's own army. Machiavelli believes that a strong monarchy will never allow a state to divide and that it is useful to control its people in peacetime, and that war is deadly. A wise monarch will deliberately set up enemies and demonstrate his greatness by conquering them. At the beginning of the country, the former hostile monarchs seek self-preservation and eliminate bad impressions by serving the monarch more faithfully. if the local people who sponsor the new monarch are not full of feelings to the new monarch, but only dissatisfied with the former government, making friends with them is very difficult, and winning the sponsorship of the enemy who is satisfied with the former government is far easier than the support of the friends who are dissatisfied with the former government. For the monarch, the most solid fortress is not hated by the people. Once the people pick up weapons, domestic and foreign forces will inevitably unite to endanger security.
King Ferdinando of Spain often resorts to state power to do great things so that opponents do not have time to act against them and attract domestic forces to do great things. The Duke of Milan, Bernabo, likes to be eye-catching in the administration of the interior and relies on action to win fame. When encountering the war between the two great powers, you remain neutral, and the winner does not need to be in adversity to assist his suspicious friends. The loser will not shelter you, and will always be the winner's prize. A clear expression of sponsors, the union won, although dominated, for the sake of justice can also be thoughtful, the union failed, won the war in the future will still be appreciated, thus, the weak country must not maintain neutrality. When confronted by two weak countries, careful consideration must be given to supporting one side to win. Unless you have to, you must never introduce foreign powers to attack other countries, because even if you win, your country will become a captive of powerful countries. It is difficult for any country to take full advantage and avoid disadvantages, to be cautious about the disadvantages and to choose the best path to the least. In addition, the monarch should show that he cherishes talents, encourages farmers and businessmen, enjoys with the people, is modest and generous and so on, but must always maintain dignity! Whether the monarch is wise or not is judged by the officials' loyalty. The virtuous ministers put the interests of the monarch in the highest pursuit, holding the weight of power and being deeply trusted by the monarch. Therefore, the monarch must make such officials glorious, rich and noble, and even worry about regime change. For the monarch, flattering false words will make the monarch self-satisfied and self-moved. Frankly speaking the truth will make the monarch despised. A wise monarch must select people with knowledge to have the right to speak directly to the monarch, but only as an advisory suggestion, according to his own views, the will of the monarch will never change! The emperor of the holy Roman Empire, Maximiliano, changed his decrees and lost faith in his subjects. The monarch must consult frequently and listen patiently to the truth. Hearing false words for whatever reason must be angered and punished. He must bear in mind that the good minister's loyalty comes from the emperor, not the good minister's loyalty. The implication is that the monarch is always right. Even if this right is found by others, it can only be said through the mouth of the monarch. There are many things "always right" in the world, the essence is right power. Anyone's intelligent labor results can be labeled with power, concentrated on the monarch himself, in order to establish the prestige of the monarch.
The best fortress of the monarch is to avoid being hated by the people. The physical fortress has no use but to alleviate the insecurity of the monarch. When the people take up weapons, the fortress is futile. It seems that the use of gunpowder blew the knight class to pieces. The fundamental reason is that the people at this time, accurately speaking, the bourgeoisie entered the stage of history and became the force that must be united by all monarchs who wanted to seek dictatorship. The core issue of the metaphor of fortress is not the external symbol of fortress. When the monarch holds the popular will, the regime is stable. When the monarch loses the popular will, the people turn to smash this decadent system and establish a new state apparatus. Machiavelli implicitly recognized the trend of historical development, the development of capitalism, the rise of humanism and the emerging autocratic monarchy has been calling out. The monarch must pay attention to the interests of the people, that is, to unite the power of the emerging bourgeoisie, so that the monarch can break through the repression of its power by the Roman Church, and the bourgeoisie can use the power of the new monarch to break through the feudal shackles that restrict its development. That is already the consensus of all new monarchs and the bourgeoisie, except the rotten Turkish Sudan and the distant ancient Rome.

On National Perspectives
He urged the monarch to act actively, conform to the trend of history, and even pin his hopes on the Medici family, organizing a new army to unify Italy.The measures of the new monarch are more likely to attract people's attention. As long as his wise talents are recognized, the people will be loyal to him and their achievements will be praised by the people. The reasons for the failure of the Italian monarch: relying on mercenaries and aid without their own army, being contempt by the people, not knowing how to balance the nobles to protect themselves. Filippo V of Macedonia loved the people bravely and knew how to guard against aristocrats. Although he finally lost some territories, the state remained, and the monarchs who enjoyed the kingdom for many years but lost the state were by no means troubled by fate but incompetent. Destiny is dominated by only half of our actions, mostly by ourselves. Destiny floods vividly tell us that devastating disasters cannot be prevented, but can be prepared for it, and the national movement of Italy can be protected through appropriate force. When the fate is changing, as long as the ways and means adhere to the characteristics of the times, like Pope Julio II do not seek perfection, brave and rapid, coordinate time and events, it is easy to succeed.
Machiavelli advocates that the monarch (Lorenzo Medici) actively change the fate and conform to the historical trend. First of all, in terms of opportunity, the opportunity of Moises' outstanding ability is the slavery of the Israelis in Egypt, the opportunity of the great spirit of Salvo is the oppression of the Persians by the Mediians, the opportunity of Tessius' outstanding performance is the displacement and dispersion of the Athenians, and now Italy is desperate, more enslaved than the Hebrews, more oppressed than the Persians, more displaced than the Athenians, looted and ravaged. Borgia seems to have a ray of hope, but he failed. Our Highness Lorenzo's opportunity at this time was far greater than that of them, and his career was more just. Secondly, in terms of leadership, Lorenzo is wise and talented, the royal family has both luck and prominence, God and the church love blessing. Again, as far as national quality is concerned, the Italians are clever, tactful and brave in fighting, and always failed because of weak leadership and incompetent management. Finally, as far as future development is concerned, the hope lies in the Medici family, as long as the resolutions of the monarchy follow the law of those who save the country's outstanding figures, the formation of their own army, will be able to work hard to liberate Italy from barbarians, unified Italy.

Thoughts and Inspirations
The study of Machiavelli's political thought is not only a historical environment in Italy from the 15 the 16th century, but also a narrow historical fragment. As a masterpiece in the history of political theory, Machiavelli and his The Prince bring us infinite thinking and enlightenment.
Machiavelli's political thought in the interests of the limitations. On the one hand, starting from the "evil human nature", Machiavelli unilaterally attributed human nature to hypocrisy and greed, selfish, that even the best people are prone to corruption and degeneration, because doing evil is beneficial to themselves, speaking false words can please others. On the other hand, the pursuit of the maximization of national interests, even ignore the importance of morality, which will only lead to other countries' sense of insecurity, and eventually fall into the "security dilemma" of mutual insecurity. The biggest problem is that it has a tendency to slide towards extreme realistic politics, that is, any policy that is conducive to the country is accepted, no matter how much moral problems it has. In extreme cases, driven by national security and national interests, realism may develop a tendency of violence. Finally, Machiavelli's political thought still has some methods worthy of reference, we should be the