Global Positioning System/Geographic Information System Environment for Engineering Infrastructure Facility Monitoring

Oil and gas companies need to ensure continuous operation of critical equipment, no matter how remote. This means knowing exactly where your fleets and equipment are, how they are performing and identifying problems as they occur. There are number of existing security systems developed to protect linear systems like oil pipelines for transportation of oil and gas products from the first point of development up to collection stations. In the current stage is the gap of the oil and gas pipeline systems security purposes of use of space technology advances. This paper dedicated to the subject of linear pipeline monitoring with use of global positioning system for observation of changes of land in the areas actively functioning of natural disaster factor (Babatunde, Chris, Rupert, & Phil, 2015).


Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS)
For the time being space technology advances found application in some subject of engineering infrastructure life cycle playing vital place in solving number of engineering problems as well as protecting and saving facilities. One of the flexible instrument in such task execution is the use of remote sensing method with development of geographic information system technology. It achieves due to the spatial information analyze developed by processing of satellite data collected by use of www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/asir Applied Science and Innovative Research Vol. 2, No. 3, 2018 119 Published by SCHOLINK INC. remote sensing method. In the meantime, it is an excellent information source makes possible successfully collection required data for further reuse, share when necessary, analyze depends of expected task execution. In the other hand, it opens an excellent environment for management all subjects of project items in any stage of its implementation, which is highly important for saving the time and resources as the opportunity for low cost management purposes.
The fact is that there are options where GIS provides tools for:  modeling information to support more intelligent, faster decisions;  discover and characterize geographic patterns;  optimize network and resource allocation; and  automate workflows through a visual modeling environment.
In the meantime, through the use of 2D and 3D software application it can be achieved a more interactive way of seeing data, visualizing change over time and space to identify patterns and trends, and disseminate knowledge to engineers, managers, clients, regulators, and field-based personnel.
There is no doubt that the study planet structure and natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, floods take the key place for Azerbaijan. As it says by scientists the world's atmosphere is becoming more turbulent and unpredictable which demand to come up with approach and developing a new instruments being able to reduce and prevent as much as possible damage to life and property.
It makes important engagement of engineers in geology/geotechnical/chemical and any other related scientists to take high attention to study the structure of the earth and develop models/methods/instruments to learn about continental drift and simulate/predict/forecast the faults in the Earth's crust. At the same time the study the causes and nature of volcanoes and learn about soil eruptions is very important for the country. As far as obvious landslides study are also important in engineering activities consequences needed to be undertaken during all stages of project design. It is important in the exploitation stage of engineering facilities as well.
The fact is that permanent monitoring of the Earth in the areas of engineering facilities is require for engineers, architects and project designers as an source and key instrument in construction and designing new engineering infrastructure with consideration features of environmental changes (Pipelines, CIA Factbook, n.d.).
The use and application advances of a high technology in particular space technology in the case of offered conception is a vital for achievement, satisfied accuracy in the process of monitoring of Earth observation for dynamic changes of the environment. It is important to reduce risks of pipeline systems in the active natural disaster areas.

Investigated Area
The area under investigation is located at 60km to the south-west from Baku, Azerbaijan in the Gobustan district, near the Goturdagh mud volcano (Figure 1). The landscape is hilly with low or absent vegetation. Geodesic survey for the fourth cycle of monitoring was started in December 2015 with installation datum monuments. The cycles of five monitoring were embraced on February, June,  other site-specific design-grade data and spatial image data processing.
The stages of data collection and processing (field measurements and remote sensing/geographical information system development) can be presented using below structure ( Figure 2).  The coordinates of the Datum (DM) monuments were calculated with average square error of 5mm.

Equipment/Method Used for Topographical Survey and image processing
The topographical survey was performed by tachometric survey with the contour interval 0.5m with use of electronic tachometer TS 16 (by Leica) with plugged-in application program.
Topographical equipment has been checked at site prior to commencing work each day and when required.

Field Works
The works were performed as follows:   Processing of geodesic survey data.
In the initial stage of the field works it has been established DM points meeting the requirements identified by the owner of the oil pipeline system). Those requirements were important for the high accuracy of measurement achievement. An establishment of DM points has been shown in the Figure 3 (a, b).
In the meantime, it has been visited to the site for satellite data processing validation based on the fixed data features measurement taken from the site.

Establishment Datum Monuments (DM)
Triangulation network represents the series of triangles. Coordinates of all Datum (DM) monuments are determined in WGS-84 system. Satellite positioning receivers SR20 (produced by Leica) were used for determination of plane coordinates and elevations. Measurements were carried out in a static mode.
The aim of geodesic survey of datum (DM) ground movement monuments was to determine the change in their coordinates and elevations between first, second, third and fourth monitoring cycles. a b

Figure 3. Establishment of Datum Monuments
The fourth stage of measurements started after equalization of line-angular reference network. landmark with reflector was centered on a measured point with use of bipod. Coordinates and elevations of each point were determined from two points of reference network.
Elevations of points were determined with use of trigonometric leveling method.

Determination of horizontal and vertical position of each Top-Dead Centre (TDC) Target point was
performed from two points of reference network with use of direct angular and linear interference method.

Measurement
Measurements were carried out with use of electronic tachometer TS 16 (

Geospatial Data and GIS Interpretation
The fact is that it is important and necessary to detect any changes of the land with linear infrastructure in the area with sensitive behavior into the natural processes. The area selected for investigation is highly danger due to the active volcanic natural processes. This circumstance makes necessary to conduct continuous monitoring of the area with pipeline system as an infrastructure for oil transportation (Colomina & Molina, 2014).

Mud Volcano Complex and Wester Rout Export Pipeline (WREP) (from First to Fifth Surveys)
It has been carried out five cycles of measurements/monitoring within 2 years in the different seasons.
Initially before measurements it has been implemented on definition of planned and levelling positions of monuments of constructed for monitoring of geodetic network (Zimig, Hausamann, & Schreier, 2001;Jawhar, Mohamed, Mohamed, & Aziz, 2008).
The results of the measurements are observed of land deformation of land with increasing of shifting vectors in the direction of slope comparatively of reference points in the cycles of 2 and 5. As it is seeing from the Figure 5 the greatest landslide is monitored in the area close to the volcanic crater.

Digital Elevation Model
Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) has provided digital elevation data (DEMs) as the very popular method. It has been used software QGIS with directly interfacing of the SRTM DEM data. The data contains elevation information, which was used for selected area for investigation (Siddaraju, Nagaraju, Bhanuprakash, Shivaswamy, & Balasubramanian, 2017;Rodriguez, Morris, Belz, Chapin, Martin, Daffer, & Hensley, 2005;Coltelli, Fornaro, Franceschetti, Lanari, Migliaccio, Moreira, & Schwabisch, 1996). The DEM layer rendered in the gray single band. The next stage of application was rendering of the type to convert of the system into required format. At the same time the colors have been classified for the best performance and development of DEM layers properties. The result of processing with use of suggested software application and method has been demonstrated in the Figure   6.

Satellite Data Processing
Satellite imagery was used for processing stage. The image was georeferenced to UTM zone 39 North, WGS84 using a first degree polynomial rectification algorithm extracted from a digitized topographic map at the scale of 1:100 000. The root mean square (RMS) error was equal to 0.5 pixel (5 m). Figure 7 demonstrates results of processing with reflection of layers of GIS system (Rabus, Eineder, Roth, & Bamler, 2003).

Figure 7. GIS Development of Selected Area
The image was classified between follow general classes:

Geological Map
İt has been presented geological map of the selected area. Geological map shows general geological features of Gobustan region (Figure 8). The main target of the research was mud volcanoes impact monitoring to the area. For this reason, it is important to fix any influences and land use changes of the area. Figure 8 shows mud volcanos geographic locations in the selected area. It is additional information, which can be successfully integrated in the GIS system.

Conclusion
This paper has been dedicated to the development of geographical information system with use of remote sensing for liner transportation engineering systems safety. It has been demonstrated advances and advantage of is demonstrated technological/methodical aspects of global positioning system applications for monitoring and observation of any possible changes in the area of operating linear system.
It is performed of satellite data collection with integration of the field data. In the meantime demonstrated achievement of features of the layers of GIS for selected area. A stage of monitoring and observation of change detection of area is presented. It has been shown advantage of GPS technology in safety of the linear engineering infrastructures based on GIS environment.