The Social Technology of the Book Publishing in Modern Chinese Libraries: Taking the Laws and Regulations at That Time as an Example

The book publishing of modern Chinese libraries is a Socio-Technical Interaction Network (STIN), which, together with other STIN, forms a larger STIN. On the basis of describing the laws and regulations related to libraries and publishing in modern China, this paper constructs and analyzes the STIN of book publishing in modern Chinese libraries, and point out that these laws and regulations are a kind of “social technology”, that is, the social elements of this network; it, along with other social elements and various natural technological elements, constitutes the “broad technology” of book publishing in modern Chinese libraries


Introduction
"Broad technology" refers to the collective of various methods that are effective in all human activities, including "natural technology" and "social technology" (Shen, 2015, p. 34).Natural technology, also known as narrow technology, is a technology that people usually understand; social technology involves fields such as politics, economy, law, management, military, discipline, and governance in human society (Yang & Wang, 2003;Leibetseder, 2011)."Library Publishing" is a new type of service launched by domestic and foreign libraries or intelligence agencies in recent years.It is an open access publishing model based on academic exchange, knowledge sharing, and innovative development as philosophies, using relevant technological means and library network platforms.However, in the long history of human libraries, the publication of paper books in libraries has been around for a long time.
For example, the Library of the British Museum (now the main predecessor of the British Library) has published a collection of books, news announcements, internal documents and other paper materials for over 420 years.The earliest publication of libraries in the United States can be traced back to the late 19th or early 20th century, when the earliest academic publishing departments were established in university libraries in the United States, and later, many of them developed into university publishers.
Book publishing in the history of Chinese library industry is no exception, and there is also a tradition of paper book printing.Before modern times, some literati in China tried their best to publish their manuscripts or rare classics by spreading culture and preserving literature (Wang, 1991).In modern times, from the beginning of the 20th century to the establishment of the People"s Republic of China, libraries not only provided conventional circulation, reading and other services, but also inherited the business of printing and publishing books from the past.That is to say, libraries also used their own advantages to carry out unique book publishing activities.The literature search results also confirmed that a considerable number of various books were published in modern Chinese libraries between 1900 and 1949, with at least 1700 records retrieved (excluding the records of the Hanfen Building/涵芬楼 attached to the Commercial Press).The book publishing of modern Chinese libraries and the digital publishing launched by libraries today are both services.Both publishing and service cannot do without broad technology: natural technology and social technology.After briefly introducing the laws and regulations at that time, based on the conceptual model of the Socio-Technical Interaction Network (STIN), we will construct and analyze the book publishing of modern Chinese libraries.

Laws and Regulations Related to Libraries in Modern China
In the second year of the Xuantong (宣统) reign (1910) main legal basis for the publishing books in library at that time.
After entering the Republic of China, on October 23, 1915, the Ministry of Education requested the President of the Republic of China to publish the "Library Regulation" (《图书馆规程》) (11 articles) and the "Popular Library Regulation" (《通俗图书馆规程》) (11 articles).These two regulations were the guidelines for establishing libraries in various regions at that time and had a great impact on the modern library industry in China (Jin, 1928).After the Nanjing National Government came to power, it also successively promulgated laws and regulations related to libraries, including "Library Rule" (图书 馆条例》) (15 articles) and "Rule on the Submission of Newly Issued Books" ( 《新出图书呈缴条例》) After entering the Republic of China, laws and regulations related to publishing emerged.On December 4, 1914, the Beijing Government promulgated a total of 23 articles of "Publishing Law" (《出版法》).This is the first official "Publishing Law" in Chinese history, which stipulates that textbooks of each school should be uniformly printed by the national publishing agency and implement a "centralized purchase and sales of books and periodicals" (书刊统购统销) system.This law greatly limits the development of the traditional book publishing industry.In addition, the essence of the content of the publication law is no different from the relevant laws and regulations formulated by the Qing Dynasty, which cannot be tolerated by the Chinese people.The call to abolish the law has never stopped.Finally, on January 27, 1926, the Beijing Government passed a resolution to abolish the publication law at the State Council.
On March 6, 1916, the Ministry of Education submitted a document in accordance with the requirements of Capital Library (then the National Library), requesting that a book registered for publication by the Ministry of Internal Affairs be submitted to Capital Library for collection.Two days later, the Beijing Government issued China"s first book submission law, which greatly benefited the collection construction of Capital Library.On November 20, 1916, the Ministry of Education of the Beijing Government issued a decree on "provincial and county libraries should pay attention to collecting local art and literature", requiring them to "collect books, in addition to collecting domestic and foreign illustrations, especially pay attention to the writings of local people" (Ma, 2019, p. 124).In 1926, the Beijing Government revised the first law on the submission of books, stipulating that "all books published in stores and written by individuals should be sent in four copies to the provincial education bureaus for allocation by the departments.One copy should be forwarded to the National Capital Library, one copy should be directly sent to the National Compilation and Translation Library (国立编译馆), and the other copy should be stored in various provincial library and local library" (Jin, Published by SCHOLINK INC.

Publishing in Modern Chinese Libraries
The STIN model was proposed by Rob Kling et al, who are Americans and pioneers of social informatics.This model also provides a suitable tool for people to correctly construct and analyze the book publishing network of modern Chinese libraries.As the saying goes, "the use of the term "Socio-Technical Interaction Network" is to understand the complex system of social technology, emphasizing the interactive characteristics that exist between people, people and devices, and even between technological structural units and political trends" (Wang, 2007).The book publishing network of modern Chinese libraries constructed based on the STIN model is easily understood as a socio-technical interaction network.This STIN includes heterogeneous social elements-social technology and technological components-natural technology.The STIN of modern Chinese libraries" book publishing has connected authors, readers, libraries, librarians, commercial printing institutions or academic groups, and other relevant personnel through relevant natural and social technologies.
According to the STIN model, the construction of the book publishing network in modern Chinese libraries can be represented by Figure 1.there is a lack of understanding of the STIN, the combination of natural technology and social technology in the book publishing network of modern Chinese libraries would be like a lack of appropriate lubricants or adhesives, which would not appear so harmonious and stable, achieving the expected effect of literature dissemination and knowledge exchange.

Conclusion
The laws and regulations on library & publication issued in modern China, especially the registration and filing system, only involved the publication access system and publication distribution system, and did not involve publishing units, providing legal basis for libraries to carry out book publishing at that time.In modern China, the admission targets, admission conditions, and admission procedures for publications, as well as the postal and international exchange systems for publications, were important standards for the management of the book industry at that time, and library book publishing naturally had to comply with them.These laws and regulations are a kind of "social technology" and a social element in the modern Chinese library book publishing STIN.It, along with other social elements and

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The Construction of Book Publishing Network in Modern Chinese Libraries Based on STIN Model

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. A Large STIN that Includes Socio-Technical Interaction Network Nodes such as the Book Publishing Network of Modern Chinese Libraries

, the Qing government promulgated the first law of the Chinese library industry, "The Ministry of Education drafted the regulations for the circulation of libraries in the capital and various provinces
library architecture, and publication of collection resources.Articles 8, 12, and 15 respectively stipulate that "if there is an invention that is worthy of academic qualification examination, it shall be photographed, printed, and recorded by the library"; "the Beijing and provincial libraries may have printing and printing offices attached.If there are isolated collections of secret books, they should be copied and distributed at any time"; "the testament and version... if the private owner refuses to sell it, it should also be lent out, printed, photographed, and recorded separately (Department of Library Science in HebeiUniversity, 1985, pp.3-4).The books publication of library in this regulation was the Published by SCHOLINK INC.

The Laws and Regulations Related to Publishing in Modern China At
4 articles) announced by the University Institute (大学院) on December 20, 1927, "Regulation on the the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were no separate laws and regulations for publication, only involving other laws and regulations.For example, in August 1902, "The Ordination of the Imperial Rule of the Imperial University of Peking" (《钦定京师大学堂章程》) were promulgated, which stipulated that each school should review, compile and print textbooks and lecture notes; "Special Law on Printing Objects of the Qing Dynasty" ( 《大清印刷物件专律》 ) promulgated in July 1906, and "Law on Newspapers of the Qing Dynasty" ( 《大清报律》 ) promulgated in March 1908 (revised and renamed as the "the Authorized Regulations for Newspaper"/《钦定报律》 in January 1911).