Female Sociology as a Source of Empowerment of Women in Academia, Sociology, and Society

Even though there are many influent female sociologists, they are not well introduced in literature, and academic journals, because of double standards, in recognition of academic works of women. Jessie Bernard (Wharton, 2012, p. 5) strives for the female enlightenment, questioning the sociology as male stream, and therefore focused only to male experiences, in famous statement: “Can sociology become science of society rather than science of male society?” (Wharton, 2012, p. 5). Dorothy Smith wrote her famous work Sociology for women as antecedents of later formed discipline of sociology of gender. She was lecturer at University of Oregon, where in the academic staff of 44 persons she was the only woman: “The chilly climate for women” (Ritzer, 1997, pp. 308-309), is the way in which Dorothy Smith explains her experience in teaching Gender studies in early seventies. Radical feminism, with its notion of violence over the women in public and private sphere, demands the identification of these spheres, in order for women to be involved in academic life with overcoming the negative stereotypes regarding the roles of women and man.

with Addams as patron: "they represent sociological worldview, that has been neglected, and their contribution and recognition to sociology being denied" (Deegan, 1981). Family section was a first section that was founded by ETHEL S. DUMMER founder, with the panel entitled "DELINQUENT GIRL"; out of seven panelist, three of them were women in this section. Answer to the exclusion questions by Deegan are, that Women were employed by women only, they were second class citizens in academia, Small believed they belong to separate sphere, included women were part of female network, extreme sexism influenced exclusion, and institutional pattern of ostracism was difficult to destroy (Deegan, 1981). But, if it is to the investigation conducted by Mary Jo Deegan, and group of authors, there is history of Women in sociology and Eras of Women in sociology: 1) "founding sister professional definition era"-1840-1890 2) "golden era"-1890-1920 3) founding sisters in the dark era of patriarchal ascendancy  4) "the contemporary era: the battle for women's equal opportunity in sociology )" (Deegan, 1990). 4 www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/fet Frontiers in Education Technology Vol. 4, No. 1, 2021 In Contemporary era, 1969-sociologists for women in society was established, and first women was elected president of ASA (1948), and second one in 1973, afterwards Supreme Court (1989) struggles for permanent place for women professionals in sociology. Founding sisters had changed the relations toward the female sociologists, and sociologists for women in sociology publishes books and journals, and helps affirmation of female sociology. Contemporary American society involves presidency of women, over the ASA (AMERICAN SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION). Female sociologists were not invisible they were simply written out of the sociological history, even though they were famous public figures, and public professional sociologists. Lengermann and Brantley (1998) stated that disappearance of women founders in sociology, is connected with the discrimination in regards to race, class, gender, in order for academy to become place of affirmation of only white male sociologists, who order for women "to disappear" in "the retelling" of sociological history. In order to understand ecofeminism in sociology, it is necessary to involve theoretical knowledge of two famous female sociologists, rarely mentioned in sociological textbooks, such as contemporaries Charlotte P. Gilman , and Caroline Bartlett Crane (1858-1935).

Ecofeminist Pragmatism of Female Founders in Sociology as Source of Women Empowerment in
Academia and Society

Charlotte P. Gilman and an Ecofeminist Pragmatism Perspective
Herland and with her in our Ourland is Gilman's saga written in order to give explanations inside the intersection of ecofeminism, and feminist pragmatism. Deegan and Podeschi (2001) state that Charlotte Perkins Gilman was "forerunner and perhaps a foundation for contemporary ecofeminism". The theory of these professional female sociologists is important for distinguishing of eco-feminist pragmatism, eco-pragmatism, and environmental pragmatism. Important and significant idea, emphasized by Deegan and Podeschi (2001) are found in statement by Joanna Macy, that eco feminism represent "a radical change from a millennia-long amnesia as to who we really are". The eco feminism is historically developed and based on texts of feminist pragmatist who were mainly female professional sociologists. This writings are rarely mentioned in traditional sociological textbooks, and involve writings and documents from historical period in between 1890-1930-ties. Gilman's saga Herland and with her in our Ourland, is "a powerful exploration of gender relations which also includes commentaries on nature and the human relation to nature" (Deegan & Podeschi, 2001). Society that is consisted only of women, with balanced approach in between women and environment is Herland.
Ellador, is the main protagonist of this tale, and she travels, in part entitled With her in our Ourland.
Unlike, the life in Herland, in this travel Ellador experiences the destruction and waste in patriarchal organized society where females are dominated and controlled over by male. "Patriarchy is central to understanding the domination of women, races, and nature due to the patriarchal drive to conquer, master, manipulate, oppress and exploit what is feared and seen as less powerful" (Deegan & Podeschi, 2001). Feminist pragmatism is developed as opposition and international alternative thought for patriarchal perspective, and it is based on women centered culture and values. This theory is mainly 5 and Marion Talbot, are main female pragmatist and supported and developed this ideas. Nobel Prize winners, Emily Greene Balch and Jane Addams, strongly advocated equality in between males and females, believing that democracy and education are strong force of changes in society. Many female sociologists supported this ideas which resulted in "thousands of books and articles" (Deegan & Podeschi, 2001). Ecofeminism is also defined as "a major intellectual enterprise about women, the self, and community" (Deegan & Podeschi, 2001). The most important idea of feminist pragmatism was also investigation of matriarchal societies, focusing towards the Great Mother and female representation of goddesses.  Gilman's difference in comparison to other feminist pragmatist, who had been exclusively white and elite, is that her theory was based on Darwinist reformist theories, based on biological female distinctions in culture, reproduction, nurture, etc. Saga written by Gilman is not only pro-feminist, and matriarchal, but also pacifistic, and anti-militaristic. Ecofeminism and eco-feminist pragmatism are sharing the eco-feminist equation ideas, and therefore are used as synonyms inside the eco-feminist pragmatist sociological theories of female professionals in sociology. "Herland is a social and environmental utopia, at least reminiscent of the pre patriarchal societies eco feminist scholars discuss" (2016)). As Herland in feminist utopia, the Ourland is patriarchal society that is destructive and without ecological consciousness. The male pair for Ellador is named Van.
Ellador has notions on environmental disastrous spirits in Ourland commenting that "In Ourland we have robbed, neglected, and wasted the soil, and that overpopulation is destroying the land in places…The environment in the United States specifically, Ellador remarks, neglect, waste, awful, glaring waste. It makes me sick. It makes me want to cry. As for water, neglect and waste again, and hideous, suicidal defilement" (Ibid in Mušić (2016)). These ideas are similar to Hawaiian native cultural traditions where goddess Papa (Papahānanaumoku), earth mother is torched by evil acts of humans, especially towards the nature. This goddess is specially adored by native Hawaiian women, and her place of worshipping is called Hale o Papa (Mušić, 2017). In comparison to experience of male, in saga, when coming to Herland, Van is astonished by the natural resources and beauty of the urban towns, reproduction, and mothering.

Caroline Bartlett Crane, Ecofeminist Pragmatism and Conservation Projects
Deegan and Rynbrandt (2002)  sociologists that dedicated her life to suffrage, human rights, and sanitation-conservation projects.
Importance of Caroline Bartlett Crane's professional work in sociology, is emphasized since her "claim to the title of sociologist is less obvious to contemporary professionals who are trained to emphasize men's abstract, objective practices in the academy" (Deegan & Rynbrandt, 2002). Kasler and Deegan founded criteria for naming female professional, founder in sociology, and Crane meets all seven of them: "because Crane consulted with sociologists, wrote about sociology, taught sociology, did sociology, self-identified as a sociologist, and was identified by others as a sociologist, she was a sociologist" (Deegan & Rynbrandt 2002). Therefore, Mary Jo Deegan and Linda J. Rynbrandt, stated 7 www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/fet Vol. 4, No. 1, 2021 that Crane represent an early American pragmatism movement founder. On the basis of the Greta Gaard's historical approach to women achievements in history, it has been noticed that binary dichotomies are elevating male accomplishments and devaluating female achievements in order to identify females with animals, and nature, and rationalizing the dominance over them. Crane's ideas are mainly supporting the ideas of Charlotte P. Gilman, with one move forward, since the Crane was practicing eco feminist pragmatism with interracial focus, rather than supporting the hierarchical society. Feminist pragmatist, namely Crane, Perkins-Gilman and Adams, still, did not believe that women are helpless victims; they saw women as a social reformist and environmental reformist, even though their quest for this later reform was mainly ignored and not well understood. Crane shared her ideas with her male colleagues such as Henderson and Zueblin, that better aesthetics of the town and Herland/Ourland saga is a powerful statement condemning patriarchal society and its ill-effects, a classic example of the eco feminist equation". But yet, they also make notions of Gilman's exclusions and preferences for hierarchical societies that are not eco feminist ideas. "Crane actively promoted these ideas when she founded Women's Civic Improvement League in Kalamazoo, Michigan in 1904 in order to educate individuals in civic goals of public health, charity, and civic beauty". She influenced the development of Sociology of education, play and environment, and explained her devotion to civic improvement with notion that everybody will help their own children if they protect their environment.
Crane strongly supported the development of playgrounds with emphasizing the importance of recreation and enjoyment in aesthetics and beauty of the environment. As Jane Addams did, Crane as well supports idea that we can understand the individuals, if we can be part of their social world, and 8 www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/fet Vol. 4, No. 1, 2021 therefore for social and physical health the recreation and play, and healthy vegetarian diet are necessary. She held ironical speeches and spoke for better treatment of shop girls and horses, since she strongly believed in interconnectedness of all parts of the world. But Crane's interest for the environment was deep and scientifically supported, and therefore she: "earned the public title of America's Housekeeper, as a result of her studies of municipal sanitation problems, thereby including an important element of environmental concern. Crane conducts sanitary social surveys regarding the public health and safety of over six American cities in her career in municipal sanitation" (Mary Jo

Frontiers in Education Technology
Deegan and Linda J. Rynbrandt in Mušić (2016)). Club of women to which Crane belonged, organized cleaning of the street, together with sharing the leaflets, such as following one shared in 1904: "Please!
The Women Civic Improvement League had undertaken to keep Main Street clean. We ask YOU to help us. Please do not throw anything-paper, fruit skins, peanut shells or any other litter, in the street; put it in the waste-paper can at the corner". And, gentleman, "please do not spit on the sidewalk, or in the gratings, or anywhere but in the gutter. Now, please don't throw this in the street!" Deegan and Rynbrandt (2002). Crane supported the idea of recycling. Influenced by the idea of American transcendentalism of Ralf Waldo Emerson, she also promoted a feminist theology, and natural and rational approach towards the religion, since she referred to God as mother and father ((Mary Jo Deegan and Linda J. Rynbrandt in Mušić (2016)). She had different understanding of difference in between sexes, and unlike Adams and Gilman, she did not think that women are more moral and more angelic in comparison to males. Professional sociologist, Crane working in progressive era, had deep interest in conservation projects of forest and environmental disasters. These ideas are only recently being acknowledged in articles of female sociologists, such as emerita Mary Jo Deegan, from Nebraska Lincoln University. Crane very actively opposed to destruction of the environment by Henry Ford, and held speeches actively being involved in reforestations tours, in Michigan area. Supporting the idea of suffragette Anna Howard Shaw who collected the seeds from different trees during the traveling all around the world, she anticipated sustainable development idea: "Shaw's forest should act as an emblem and incentive for American women to mother all little trees-protects them from marauding ex and fire-that they may be to future generations" (Deegan, Rynbrandt, 2002

Discussion
The initial hypothesis in this work dedicated to investigation of Eco-feminist pragmatism of Female founders in sociology as source of Women Empowerment in Academia and Society, had confirmed that eco-feminist pragmatism authors had influenced the affirmation of female principles, in society and academia. The discussion had been divided into four subsections. Brantley, Christopher W. Podeschi and Linda J. Rynbrandt, which resulted in conclusion that there were female founders in sociology, and therefore female sociologists as professionals and workers inside the academia were not invisible but had been written out of sociological textbooks. In order to understand the notion of "being written out", it is necessary to discuss theoretical knowledge of two famous female sociologist, rarely mentioned in sociological textbooks, such as contemporaries Charlotte P. Gilman  and Caroline Bartlett Crane . Both of these authors were famous and active social reformists and professional eco-feminist pragmatist and sociologists. In their work the experience of marginalization and discrimination is described in different forms. The eco feminism is historically developed, and based on texts of feminist pragmatist, who were mainly female professional sociologists. This writings are rarely mentioned, in traditional sociological textbooks, and involve writings and documents from historical period in between 1890-1930-ties. Gilman's saga

Sexism against
Herland and with her in our Ourland, is "a powerful exploration of gender relations which also includes commentaries on nature, and the human relation to nature" (Deegan, Podeschi, 2001).
Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Herland/Ourland saga is a powerful statement condemning patriarchal society and its ill-effects, a classic example of the eco feminist equation. But yet, they also make notions of Gilman's exclusions, and preferences for hierarchical societies, that are not eco feminist ideas. Crane formed settlement in church named Crane's institutional church in Kalamazoo, Michigan that was similar to Jane Adams's Hull House settlement, Chicago. Crane was social reformist, active sociologists that dedicated her life to suffrage, human rights, and sanitation-conservation projects.
Importance of Caroline Bartlett Crane's professional work in sociology, is emphasized since her "claim to the title of sociologist is less obvious to contemporary professionals who are trained to emphasize men's abstract, objective practices in the academy" (Deegan, Rynbrandt, 2002). Kasler and Deegan founded criteria for naming female professional, founder in sociology, and Crane meets all seven of them: "because Crane consulted with sociologists, wrote about sociology, taught sociology, did sociology, self-identified as a sociologist, and was identified by others as a sociologist, she was a sociologist" (Deegan & Rynbrandt, 2002). Supporting the idea of suffragette Anna Howard Shaw who 10 www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/fet Frontiers in Education Technology Vol. 4, No. 1, 2021 collected the seeds from different trees during the traveling all around the world, she anticipated sustainable development idea. These two biographical examples, confirmed the initial idea formed in this investigation, that only thorough in depth analyses of contemporary sociological biographical recoveries of female founders in sociology, are possible. Beck and Beck-Gernsheim (2010) stated that female educational liberation happened from 1960-ties and on: "What is new is the individual female biography……The individualized biography assumes that everyone can update and optimize his, and hers decisions "in order to be open to new educational challenges with constant willingness to study, and focus toward lifelong learning project".