Use of Agro-Industrial By-Products in Animal Feed at Modern and Semi-Modern Farms of Urban Community of Niamey (UCN): State Places

The study was conducted in Urban Community of Niamey at modern and semi-modern farms provided an overview use of agro-industrial by-products in animal feed. Among 57 farms only 17 farms, including 10 beef farms, 2 sheep farms and 5 poultry farms were systematically surveyed. All farm managers are men. 60 and 33% are respectively officials at the level of poultry farms and ruminant farms. Farmers make up 25%, all of which own beef farms. There is also a predominance of adults, 60% at poultry level and 58.33% at ruminant farms. We note the use of a variety of agro-industrial by-products in animal feeds, in this case by-products derived from vegetable processing (wheat bran, exfoliated cotton cake) and animal processing (fish and fish meal ...). There are also some concentrates for poultry feed. Agribusiness by-products are increasingly used in urban livestock production but their valorization needs to be improved.


Introduction
In intensive systems, concentrated foods and precisely agro-industrial by-products cover almost all energy and protein needs. Animal nutrition is one of the major challenges to livestock development in Niger. This problem is acute in large urban areas such as Niamey, where urban and peri-urban livestock production is flourishing, with intensive use of crop residues and agro-industrial by-products (Maman Lawal, 2014). Studies on diversity and use of agro-industrial by-products in animal feed have been conducted since 1976 in Togo by Iréné, in Rwanda by Nubaha (1986) in Senegal, Mali and Niger (Lambaré, 2015). In Niger, one of scientific studies on that subject was conducted by Harouna (1993), Chaibou et al. (2012) in Maradi and recently by soulé (2014) and Ousseini et al. (2017) in Urban Community of Niamey. Use of agro-industrial by-products in animal feed suggests a prosperous urban and peri-urban livestock production in Niamey. Faced with this situation, it is again necessary to investigate such use at level of breeding where complementation is more practiced. From where the state of play on use of agro-industrial by-products at level specifically modern and semi-modern farms in Urban Community of Niamey.

Area of Study
The study took place in Urban Community of Niamey (UCN). It is located on borders of Niger River, in extreme west of country, between 13°33' North and 13°24' South and meridians 2° and 29°15' East (Beidari, 1999). Administratively, Niamey is divided into five communes spread over 58 neighborhoods and 44 attached villages located in its immediate periphery ( Figure 1).

Figure 1. Map of Niamey City
The climate is characterized by a maximum temperature of about 36.06°C, and a minimum of 23.09°C.
The rainfall is 574.4 mm and rainy season lasts three to four months (June to September) (ASR/INS, 2015).
River network of CUN is marked mainly by Niger River which crosses the city at about 15 km and which are added some permanent ponds and many temporary ponds. On morpho pedagogical level, CUN is made up of battleships cut into valley of river with basins temporarily waterlogged and presenting hydromorphic soils, sandy or lateritic soils in places and tropical ferruginous soils covering most of the agricultural zone (Chaibou et al., 2011). In general, there is sparse shrub vegetation and seasonal herbs. In the shallows nature of soil and proximity of water are conducive to development of fairly dense natural vegetation (ASR/INS, 2016). Main crops grown in irrigation are: rice (630 ha), market gardening (400 ha) and arboriculture (450 ha). Livestock farming is characterized by a large number of modern and semi-modern farms in which all species of domestic animals are found (Rhissa 2010;MEIA, 2008).

Methodology
It is a systematic sampling which was conducted in this study with regard to diversity of farms and constraints of environment (accessibility, availability of breeders, etc.). This is how, out of twenty-three (23) poultry farms and thirty-four (34) ruminant farms, seventeen (17) farms were surveyed in five (5) communes with exception of commune III:  Ten (10) beef farms (Nine (9) dairy farms and one (1) fattening farm). Of these ten (10) farms, two (2) are modern and eight (8) semi-modern farms;  Five (5) poultry farms including three (3) layers and two (2) flesh; among which two (2) modern and (3) semi-modern;  Two (2) sheep farms (fattening and breed selection); all are semi-modern.
The characteristics of farms surveyed are presented in Table 1.

Data Analysis
Data processing and presentation were done on Excel spreadsheet. MINITAB 14 software, correlations were established by principal component analysis between farm types and variables characterizing the herd management mode.

Social Situation of the Respondents
Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents were diagnosed in order to better assess their socio-economic situation.

Figure 2. Ethnicity of Respondents
Information on age has also been sought, as shown in Figure 2. Figure shows that adults (60% at poultry level and 58.33% at ruminant farms) predominate between 31 to 50 years old. Age group of 18 to 31 year olds is 20% in poultry farms and 16.66% in ruminants.   Table 3).

Relationship between Farms and Herd Management
This relationship is determined through Principal Component Analysis (PCA), which highlights the correlations between farm types and way in which animals are grouped, housed and housed (Figure 4).
Correlations shows that first two axes F1 and F2 of PCA are only ones whose eigenvalues are greater than 1 (Kaiser, 1960). These axes summarize 100% of information. The first factorial plane F1 and F2 is then retained to interpret results. In fact, cattle farm is characterized by animals that are housed in habitats made of permanent materials. In cattle farm, animals are grouped by species, by category and   A positive correlation is found between variables as final material housing, grouping by species, by category, and all together, as well as free and hampered stabling. Similarly, there is a positive correlation between age grouping, age and category grouping, gridlock housing, and tied up stabling.
Spiny-pen housing and free stabling are positively correlated.

Animal Feed: Agri-Industrial By-Products
In all poultry farms, the agro-industrial by-products used are wheat bran, concentrates which are compound feeds consisting of various products (cotton and peanut cake, bone meal, blood meal and fishmeal, soy, etc.). Fishmeal is only used in 40% of farms. Wheat bran and cotton cake are used in 100% of beef farms. In the latter, the cotton grain and the brewer's grain are respectively used at 25% and 40%. Wheat bran and cotton cake are also used on sheep farms. The survey showed that dietary formulas are seasonal functions. The presentation frequencies of SPAI to animals are diverse. The quantities of SPAI in the ration depend on the number of animals on the poultry farms and the availability of coarse feeds, particularly feed which is the staple food of ruminant farms. Wheat bran is the most used by-product, indeed it is offered to animals on all farms. In poultry farms, SPAI account for more than 50% of daily rations with a predominance of wheat bran and concentrates. In 100% of www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/ra Research in Agriculture Vol. 3, No. 2, 2018 Published by SCHOLINK INC. ruminant farms where wheat bran is used, the quantities vary from 50 to 75 kg/day. For dredging the approximate quantity is 100 kg/day. As for peanut bran which is only used in 10% of these farms the quantities are from 20 to 30 kg/day and the cotton cake from 25 to 50 kg/day. The frequency of use of the SPAI varies according to the food, so the waste is given alone until the stock is exhausted. Wheat bran is given once or twice and once a day, at the level of the cattle and sheep farms respectively.
These SPAIs are often associated with each other or mixed with other coarse foods to increase the quantities offered. The different types of SPAI used in poultry farms are shown in Figure 5.
In all cattle farms, there is forage used throughout the year. This is rice straw, followed by bourgou (Echinocloa Stagnina) used in 30% of the farms in the rainy season and other green fodder, found on the natural routes for the 20% of the farms where the animals are driven. In the rainy season. As for cereals, they are used in all poultry farms (100%). In fact, all the farms surveyed largely use yellow maize, otherwise white. This constitutes 45% of the rations given to poultry. Other residues and by-products of culture are used in the diet. These are peanut and cowpea vines used in 100% of sheep farms. Cowpea pods are used in 10% of cattle farms. It is also in only 10% of beef farms that cowpea haul is used. Note that legume leaves are used primarily to feed small ruminants. Multi-nutritional blocks, salts, lick prayer and malbaza limestone are used in poultry farms. Also in the latter we also note the use of some vitamin foods that are mostly introduced during watering (premix, stimosol ...).

Supply of Agro-Industrial By-Products
All poultry farms obtain bulk supplies ranging from one (1) to five (5) tons per supply at costs ranging from CFAF 75,000 to CFAF 1,500,000. Given the variety of agro-industrial by-products available for ruminant farms, the supply is based on the need of the food but also on the farmers' stock market. The brewery is wholesaled in the 40% of farms that use it but the sounds and cakes in 70% of the sample.
Of the agro-industrial by-products alone, rice bran, brewer's dough, wheat bran, peanut bran, blood meal and bone meal are produced in Niger. The others come from the countries of the subregion but are breeds and other exotic breeds such as European Holstein and Brown Alpine breeds in 10% of the beef farms. These results corroborate those of Marichatou et al. (2005). The strong representation of Azawak zebu is due to its milk performance. This explains why the Azawak breed is still the best dairy cow in West Africa (Rhissa, 2010). Métis from cross between azawak and other breeds are signs of the modernization of livestock through introduction of animal biotechnology including artificial insemination. From where establishment by Nigerian State of National Program for Genetic Improvement of Local Cattle (PNAG/BL).

Animal Feed
In SPAI categories used in animal feed, wheat bran is by far the most commonly used by-product, which corroborates the findings of Maman Lawal (2014) who claims that the most commonly used feed concentrate is the sound. This high use is due to its availability on the market but also for its nutritional values superior to that of other sounds produced such as rice. These results confirm that of Lambaré (2015), which states that wheat bran is one of the most available SPAI for animal feed in West Africa. It has been used mainly in poultry farming since 1995, with a supply of about 80 tons per year in Niger (Creunet, 1997;quoted by Hamadou, 1999). Regular use of SPAI in the diet allows these farms to make their own food. This leads to saving time and saving money, so these foods are well conditioned according to their users. Cotton cottonseed is increasingly replacing cottonseed in animal feed on beef farms. This same crab is used and then considered concentrated in poultry farms. Cotton grains are still used but it is observed that supplies are becoming weaker. Thus, there is a significant drop in the production of this by-product in relation to that of cotton production in West Africa. This fall has occurred since 2004 to become important in 2007 and seems to continue (FAO, 2014). As for the brewing spat, despite its availability and its nutritional values, its use (40%) on cattle farms is not easy because of the high cost of transport, by its non-palatability by animals in 10% of cattle farms but especially that their palatability decreases with the duration of storage (Marthe et al., 2017). The quantities of SPAI in the ration of animals vary according to the farms and the period. This same observation was made in the study by Djibji (2015) and RBM (2012). Nutritional qualities, availability throughout the year, ease use and affordable prices, among others are the benefits reported by the managers of the farms surveyed. Majority (88, 23%) of respondents do not have any problems with using agro-industrial by-products, however 5.88% complain about high cost and problem of storing these by-products. The sources of supply of SPAI are mainly the markets but also the private sellers for some of these by-products such as rice bran and bone powder. Similar results were found by Mama Lawal in 2014. These private sellers are indeed actors who have fixed places and who not only sell the SPAI in detail but also supply retailers or street vendors. Similar results were found by Habou in 2013 where he showed that the supply of livestock feed is at the various outlets located in the different neighborhoods and markets of the Urban Community of Tahoua from wholesalers and semi-wholesalers. The convincing results obtained in this work give hope and open up good prospects for the valorization of agro-industrial by-products in livestock feed. For this, it is proposed a long-term monitoring and especially to evaluate the effect of the valorization of these by-products in animal experimentation.

Conclusion
The study carried out in modern and semi-modern farms of urban community of Niamey made it possible to identify two categories of SPAI that are used in food: These are by-products of plant and animal processing. For vegetable industry there are by-products of the milling, textile and brewery. At level of by-products of animal industry, there are by-products of slaughterhouse and fish industry.
Despite t diversity of by-products used, we note their insufficiency, and even absence of some SPAI used in the West African subregion. The use of SPAI at level of CUN modern breeding is increasing every year thanks to the creation of more and more poultry farms, favored by the growing demand for animal protein.