A Semantic Analysis of Normal Derivatives of Body Part Terms in Jordanian Arabic

This study deals with nouns derived from body part terminology in Jordanian Arabic. It aims at identifying those nouns and examining their semantic association with body part terms. It indicates that a large number of the nouns are semantically related to their corresponding body parts; thus, their meaning could be predicted from the meaning of body part terms. Further, the physical characteristics of position, shape and function of body parts are the basis of the semantic association. However, very few of the derived nouns are not semantically related to body part terms. In addition, all the derived nouns designate objects in a variety of lexical semantic domains external to the body part domain. Finally, it is concluded that Jordanian Arabic has the capability of expanding its lexicon on the basis of body part terminology.

They are all masculine gender nouns. There is also a semantic relationship between the BP term and its corresponding derived noun. Consider ra ̅ s and ra?ı ̅ s. These forms are semantically related in the sense that both are positioned at the top of some entity; ra ̅ s is at the top of the body, and ra?ı ̅ s could be viewed as a person who is at the top of people; i.e., he is the chief or leading person of a group of people or some association. If this viewpoint is convincing, then we can say that this semantic relatedness is due to the position of the BP.
Also, there is a semantic relationship between C ein and ma Cin on the basis of the shape of the BP. Both are figures with oblique angles. Thus, there is a similarity existing between this BP and geometric figures like the rhombus. By the same token, ragabah and ragı ̅ b seem to be semantically related. In terms of position, the neck is an upper part of the human body or above other body organs like the chest, belly, etc.; thus, the noun ragı ̅ b could be considered as a person that is above other people in the sense that he observes or watches what they are doing. Likewise, wijih and wajı ̅ h seem to be semantically associated in that wijih is the front part of the head and wajı ̅ h is the most eminent, notable, distinguished person (or front part) of a given group or tribe. Accordingly, the position of the BP serves as the basis of this semantic relationship. Finally, the position of the BP ḍahur serves as the basis of its semantic association with the derived noun ḍahir. First, ḍahur is the rear surface of the human body from neck to hip; now, dahir meaning "back in soccer or football" is placed in the rear part of the soccer team; that is, ḍahir names a football or soccer player who is positioned behind the front line.
Second, ḍahur is used to support the whole body in the same way ḍahir meaning "supporter, helper or backer" functions as a person or an entity that backs or assists some other person(s) or entities.
To sum up, the first group of words are nouns derived from BP terms whose position and/or function is the basis of the semantic relationships existing between BP terms and derived nouns.
Another set of nouns derived from BP terms are given in (2) resulting from a morphological process which prefixes the prefix ta-to the stem, lengthens the last vowel /i/, and deletes the first vowel in the stem.
First, in terms of shape, ka C ib and tak Cib are similar. The former has a cubic shape, and any entity resulting from the process tak C ib would be shaped like the ka C ib. Similarly, if tak Cib means "dicing", we will also get small entities or objects cut into cubes or dice which are ka C ib -like. Thus, the shape of ka C ib seems to be the basis of this semantic relationship between ka C ib and tak C ı ̅ b.
Second, baṭin and tabṭı ̅ n seem to be semantically associated in terms of function. The function of the former is to contain or keep the abdomen of the stomach inside the body; i.e., it functions as a container; the function of the latter is to cover the inner part of some entity like a piece of cloth or a jacket with some material.
Third, the derived noun tawj ı ̅ h is also associated with the BP wijih. The BP indicates some duality or qualities of a person whom you meet or talk to; that is, the human face is probably an index of one"s character. BY the same token, tawj ı ̅ h is the process of indicating the way to do something, or the process of giving or teaching information about a given subject or entity. Consequently, we would say that both wijih and tawj ı ̅ h are regarded as a means to an end in terms of function.
Fourth, the BP term C ein and the derived noun ta C yı ̅ n are semantically associated in that the BP is intended to be a means of vision, of looking at, or of observing-objects around, and the process of ta C y ı ̅ n is also intended to select or name a person who will scrutinize or take care of a given position.
Therefore, the function of both C ein and ta C y ı ̅ n seems to be alike; hence, the semantic similarity exists between the BP and its derived noun.
Fifth, there is a semantic relationship between the BP term warid and tawr ı ̅ d. The former is meant to carry or convey blood from all the body parts to the heart, and the latter is the process or act whereby goods are brought into a country from abroad. Thus, the function of the human body veins is the basis of this semantic relatedness between warid and tawr ı ̅ d.
Sixth, the derived noun takt ı ̅ f seems to be similar to kitif. When a person"s hands are fettered or tied behind the back or in front of the chest, the hands become shoulder-like in shape. Further, fettered or tied hands do not allow the person to move his hands or his shoulders. Thus, the semantic relationship between kitif and takt ı ̅ f is based upon both the shape and the inability of the person to move this body organ.
Seventh, a semantic relationship exists between ḍahur and taḍh ı ̅ r in the sense that when you endorse something, you sign, write down or make a comment on the back of some object.
Eighth, the relationship of the derived noun taṣd ı ̅ r to the BP ṣidir seems to be idiosyncratic. While the BP refers to the upper front part of the body, taṣd ı ̅ r designates the process of sending goods out or to another country for sale. Hence, the two terms are not semantically associated.
Finally, the derived noun tajl ı ̅ d "binding" is semantically associated with the BP jilid. The skin is a membranous tissue which covers the human body; similarly, the derived word signifies the act of covering an object like books with a band or some other material that stitches and fastens together and encloses between covers all the parts of an object; the covers, thus, serve as the skin of that object.
Accordingly, the position and function of the human BP constitute the basis of the semantic association of tajl ı ̅ d with the BP term jilid.
To recapitulate, apart from ṣidir and taṣd ı ̅ r, all other derived nouns in set (2) above seem to be semantically associated with BP terms in terms of function and /or shape. The third set of nouns derived from BP terms are given in (3) below. The derived nouns make up the morphosyntactic pattern CuCa ̅ CiC, resulting from a morphological process which attaches the prefix mu-to a BP term and lengthens the first vowel in the BP term as can be seen in the following: Table 3. Nouns Derived from CuCa ̅ CiC 3) BP Term Derived Noun Gloss kabid "lever" muka ̅ bid "the one who suffers hardshipe" regabah "neck" mura ̅ gib "observer,inspector, supervisor" C ein "eye" mu C a ̅ yin "spectator, viewer, onlooker" lisa ̅ n or ?ilsa ̅ n "tongue" mula ̅ sin "the one who verbalizes something" In terms of gender, all these derived words are masculine. Besides, what these derived nouns signify seems to be associated with their corresponding BP terms.
First, muka ̅ bid is semantically associated with kabid in the sense that when a person suffers from or undergoes grief, pain, etc., in JA we view such hardships as a means of hitting, negatively influencing, or causing pain in that person"s liver. Therefore, the state of this person muka ̅ bid seems to be related to BP kabid.
Second, regabah and mura ̅ gib are semantically related to each other in that mura ̅ gib, like regabah which is positioned at the top part of the human body as if it were looking over the body organs below it, is supposed to look over or direct the operation of an organization or institution in terms of work and workers and other related matters. Thus, the position of the BP seems to be the source of this semantic relatedness.
Third, the function of the BP C ein seems to constitute the grounds for the semantic relationship between it and its related form mu C a ̅ yin. The BP is designated to help a person see around in the same way that mu C a ̅ yin is meant to check or examine some object to make sure that the object is in a good condition.
Finally, lisa ̅ n or ? lisa ̅ n and mula ̅ sin are semantically related. Lisa ̅ n, a speech organ, is used in speaking or producing sounds; mula ̅ sin refers to a person who verbalizes or puts something into words using lisa ̅ n as a speech organ. Consequently, the function of the body organ lisa ̅ n serves as the basis of the semantic relationship existing between lisa ̅ n and the derived noun mula ̅ sin.
In fine, it is mostly the function of the body organs that furnishes the grounds for the semantic association between the derived nouns and their corresponding BP terms listed in (3) above.
There are other nouns derived from BP terms given in (4):  These derived nouns display the morphosyntactic pattern CaCa ̅ CaC. Further, they are all feminine.
Except for C aṣab and its derived noun, all other nouns seem to be semantically associated with their corresponding BP terms.
Baṭin and baṭa ̅ nah are semantically associated in that both refer to some entity which is hidden or concealed; they also refer to the inner or internal part or side of some entity. Further, if we take baṭa ̅ nah to mean "a retinue"-a group of individuals or trainers accompanying, attending, or moving along with a given person of rank-then we say that the retinue is intended to safeguard or protect some personage; if this is convincing, we can claim that both baṭin and baṭa ̅ nah are designated to protect some entity; the former could be considered a container of the stomach or bowels, thus protecting them; and the latter is similarly intended to protect some personage. Accordingly, the semantic association between the BP and the derived noun is apparent on the basis of function.
The position of the chest serves as the basis of the semantic extension observed in ṣada ̅ rah. The position of the BP which is the upper front part of the body is eye -catching in the sense that it is a highly transparent and predominant organ in the body; similarly, ṣada ̅ rah naming a supremely eminent, conspicuous part of an object, usually a room, is also eye-catching. Consequently, the semantic association between the two terms is based on the outstanding characteristics of the position of the BP term and the noun derived from it, Finally, the association between C aṣab and C aṣa ̅ bah seems to be idiosyncratic. While the former refers to one"s nerves or nervous system, the latter designates either a band or a group of people having some common purpose or goal like C aṣa ̅ bit sarra ̅ gı ̅ n "a band of robbers", or a head cloth or a bandage covering the head or binding a wound in the body. Therefore, there is no semantic relatedness between the BP and the derived noun.
The fifth group of nouns derived from BP terms is given in (5) below, all demonstrating one more morphosyntactic pattern in JA which is Ca ̅ CiC: Regarding gender, these derived forms are masculine. Further, some of these nouns are semantically associated with the body parts from which they are derived, whereas others lack this semantic association as can be seen in the following discussion.
The relationship of ṣa ̅ dir " to ṣidir is idiosyncratic in that the former designates an object which is going out or being exported in JA. Similarly, the idiosyncratic relationship between ?iðin and ?a ̅ ðin is apparent in that ?a ̅ ðin names a person whose duty is to look after some object or person; thus, this derived noun is not related to ?iðin which is an organ of hearing.
Finally, there is no semantic similarity between galb as a human body organ and the derived noun ga ̅ lib which signifies either a frame on or around which some object is made, or a pattern, example or standard that may be used for imitation or comparison.
However, in the case of warı ̅ d and wa ̅ rid, a semantic relationship seems to exist based on the function of the BP. The warı ̅ d, as I have stated earlier, functions as a carrier of blood to the heart; likewise, the noun wa ̅ rid stands for any objects or goods being brought or carried into a country or institution from abroad. Thus, the function of the BP plays a significant role in constituting the grounds for the association between warı ̅ d and wa ̅ rid.
Also, and ḍahur and ḍa ̅ hir are semantically related in that both the human BP, back, and ḍa ̅ hir, meaning "exterior", are both visible and apparent. Accordingly, this characteristic common to both the BP and the noun seems to be the source of the existing semantic relatedness.
Further, as is the case with ḍahur and ḍa ̅ hir, baṭin which, as I have already pointed out, refers to an internet BP, and ba ̅ ṭin which also refers to the interior of some entity, are semantically related in that they both signify the interior of some object.
Finally, there seems to be a semantic relationship between gadam and ga ̅ dim in terms of function. The human foot is intended to be used as a means of standing (you stand on the foot), walking or movement.
Similarly, the derived noun ga ̅ dim names a person who has arrived from some place either on foot (i.e., walking), or by some other means of transportation. Therefore, the function of the BP is the basis of this semantic extension.
The sixth group of derived nouns constitute the morphological pattern CaCCaCiCCiC as can be seen in (6).  Kitif "shoulder" katta ̅ fiyyih "shoulder strap" rukbah "knee" rakka ̅ biyyih "a piece of cloth covering the knee These nouns are all feminine, and are semantically associated with the BP names from which they are derived.
First, baṭin is meant to cover or contain the stomach and the bowels; baṭṭa ̅ niyyih names a large piece of rectangular woolen fabric used as a covering on bed to protect from cold. Thus, since both the BP and its derived noun are used as a sort of covering, they are semantically associated.
Second, the position of the BP term kitif furnishes the grounds for the semantic extension observed in the derived noun katta ̅ fiyyih which names a piece of cloth which is worn on the body shoulder Finally, the position of rukbah is the basis of the semantic relationship between it and its derived noun rakka ̅ biyyih which names an article of clothing covering the knee.
In sum, JA has names or nouns designating pieces of clothing the ultimate goal of which is to cover and protect the body parts from which they are derived.
Other nouns derived from body parts result from a morphological process which prefixes ?im-to be BP term, changes the first vowel to /a/, and geminates the second consonant of that term, thus making up the pattern CiCCaCCiC as can be exemplified in (7): ?iðin "ear" ?im?aððin "announce of the time prayer" sidir "chest" ?imṣaddir "exporter" sarid "vein" ?imwarrid "supplier, importer" gadam "foot" ?imgaddim "offerer, applicant, presenter" Jilid "skin" ?imjallid "binder" As far as gender is concerned, these derived nouns are masculine. Further, except for ṣidir and ?imṣaddir, all other nouns seem to be semantically associated with their corresponding BP terms.
First, ?imwajjih that names a person whose job is to inspect or supervise the operation or services of a given institution trying to ensure that rules and standards are being followed is semantically associated with the term wijih in that the ?imwajjih, like wijih which represents the front part or aspect of the body or some other entity, stands for the most distinguished, outward person or side of the institution or Second, ?iðin and ?im?aððin are semantically associated in that, like ?iðin which is the organ of hearing, ?im?aððin designates a person who calls for or announces the hour of prayer; his voice or announcement is meant to be heard or listened to publicly. Accordingly, the function of the body part ?iðin is the basis of the semantic extension observed in this derived word.
Third, ?imwarrid is semantically related to warı ̅ d in the sense that it fulfills the same function as that of warı ̅ d; i.e., the ?imwarrid"s task is to import or bring in goods from an outside source which he provides others with. Therefore, the function of warı ̅ d which is to carry blood to the heart from all over body organs is extended to the field of business or commerce.
Fourth, the semantic relationship of ?imgaddim to gadam is due to the function or use of the BP.
Gadam, as I have stated earlier, is meant to help a person move; now, what is presented by the ?imgaddim could be viewed as an entity, abstract or tangible, brought to the public. Accordingly, the function of both the BP and derived noun seems to be alike, and they are thus semantically related.
Fifth, a semantic association exists between jilid and ?imjallid. The sole purpose of jilid is to hold and protect all other parts of the body; now, ?imjallid names a person who binds books or other entities with some material used and considered as a skin which, like the human body skin, covers and fastens all the particles or parts or pages of a book. Thus, the function of ?imjallid is exactly the same as that of jilid; hence, the semantic association exists between this BP and its corresponding derived term.
Finally, the relationship between ṣidir and ?imṣaddir seems to be idiosyncratic. ?imṣaddir refers to a person who exports or sends goods to another country.
Another set of nouns derived from BP terms forms the morphological pattern CaCaCCuC resulting from a morphological process prefixing ta-to the BP term, geminating the second consonant and changing the last vowel of the BP term to the vowel /u/. These nouns are given in (8): wijih "face" tawajjuh "favoritism" C aṣab "nerve" ta C aṣṣub "fanaticism, tribalism, racialism faxið "thigh" tafaxxuð "subdivision" All these nouns are masculine, and seem to be semantically associated with the body terms from which they are derived.
In the case of gadam and tagaddum, the semantic similarity is apparent. I have already stated that the former is a means of moving forward; the latter expresses the same meaning in that it is the state of forward movement or development. Thus, the function of gadam is the basis of the semantic extension observed in the derived word.
Wijih and tawajjuh seem to be semantically related. I have previously stated that the state of one"s wijih_could tell us some idea about one"s personality or character. Now, tawajjuh is also a state which describes a person"s character. Thus, since both the BP term and the derived word play a significant role in determining the character of a person, I would say that they are semantically related.
Ta C aṣṣub seems to be semantically similar to C aṣab in the sense that the former designates the state or condition of a person who is an excessively enthusiastic supporter of a given organization; the source of this excessive enthusiasm is one"s C aṣab or ?a C aṣa ̅ b "nerves" which, as I have stated earlier, is the source of a man"s sensations being carried by one"s nervous system between the brain and all other body organs. Accordingly, this derived noun is similar to C aṣab.
Finally, the semantic relatedness between faxið and tafaxxuð has its source in the claim that I have made: The human thigh could be regarded as one part or entity which is being divided into two identical thighs. If this is valid, then we can say that tafaxxuð describes the state of one tribe or family that is being divided into smaller parts or groups. Consequently, the semantic relatedness between the BP term faxið and the corresponding derived noun becomes obvious.
The ninth group of nouns derived from BP terms in JA result from a morphological process which attaches the prefix ?im-to the body term, lengthens the second vowel, and suffixes -ah or -ih to the BP term as can be seen in (9); Table 9. Nouns Derived from CiCCa ̅ CaC 9) BP term Derived Noun Gloss (i) C ein "eye" ?im C a ̅ yanih "examidabion" (ii) ragabah "neck" ?imra ̅ gabah "observation, censorship" wijih "face" ?imwa ̅ jahah "confrontation, facing" ḍahur "back" ?imda ̅ harah "demonstration" All these nouns are feminine, and form the morphosyntactic pattern CiCCa ̅ CaC . Further; apart from ḍahur and ?imḍa ̅ harah, other nouns are semantically similar to the BP terms from which they are derived.
In the first place, consider C ein and ?im Cayanih. The former is a means of sight; the latter designates the act of looking at or examining an entity to get information. Thus, the semantic similarity is due to the fact that both C ein and ?im Cayanih are a means of perceiving some object.
Secondly, I have pointed out that ragabah could be considered in shows of its position as a means of looking at all other body organs below it. If this is the case, I can then say that ?imra ̅ gabah is semantically related to it in that it names the act done by an authorized person of examining or looking at some object to ensure that some established rules or principles are being observed and respected.
Thirdly, wijih and ?imwa ̅ jahah are semantically associated in that the latter shows an act of bringing some object or people face to face with other objects or other people.
Finally, the relationship between ḍahug and ?imḍa ̅ harah seems to be idiosyncratic in the sense that the latter designates the act whereby people publicly show their feelings or opinion of some entity.
The tenth group of nouns are derived from BP terminology by means of a morphological process which prefixes ?im-to the BP term and geminates the second consonant, yielding the morphosyntactic pattern CiCCaCCaC in JA as can be seen in (10): These nouns are all masculine and semantically associated with the body parts from which they are derived. In the case of ka C ib and ?imka CC ab, the shape of the BP is the basis of the semantic extension; the ?imka CC ab names an entity which is cube-shaped; that is, it has the same shape as that of the BP.
Regarding ?imgaddam which names a military rank, its semantic association with gadam stems from the possibility that a soldier has achieved this rank by moving or advancing forward or onward through several stages in an orderly progression. Therefore, the function of the BP foot is metaphorically extended to the field of military affairs.
Finally, ?imjallad is semantically related to jilid in that, like jilid which holds the whole body, it names one book or volume of a collection of several same books bound together in the same way the skin holds the whole human body. Further, the semantic relationship between jilid and ?imjalled could be attributed to the fact that both terms name one part of a whole entity. That is, the semantic similarity between the BP and the derived form is of the part-whole relationship. Consequently, jilid and ?imjallad are semantically associated.
Another group of nouns derived from body parts forms the morphosyntactic class CaCCaC by a morphological process which prefixes ma-to the BP and deletes the first vowel in the BP term. These nouns are given in (11).  These nouns are masculine, and seem to be semantically related to the BP term from which they are derived. First, if we consider the body chest as the source of emotions, then we can account for the semantic relationship of maṣdar to ṣidir on the grounds that maṣdar like ṣidir, designates the source or origin of an object.
Second, maḍhar seems to be semantically related to the BP ḍahur in that both ḍahr and maḍhar can be seen or observed, thus indicating outward qualities of a given object.
Finally, the shape of the rijil which is long and thin is the basis of the semantic extension. The derived noun marjal is cylindrical in shape being supported by straight sides like the body legs. Thus, marjal is semantically associated with rijil in terms of shape.
JA has so many other miscellaneous nouns derived from BP terminology. In what follows, I will state every BP and all the nouns derived from it regardless of the morphosyntactic class of the derived nouns.
First, from the BP term sin "tooth", JA has derived the following nouns: The noun sinnih, feminine in gender, designates habitual practices, laws, sayings, doings, etc., of some entity. For instance, in the compound sinnit ?al-ḥaya ̅ h (law the-life), sinnit signifies the laws or nature of life; also, in sinnit ?an-nabiyy Muhammad-Peace Be Upon Him -, it designates the Prophet"s saying and doings. Therefore, the derived noun does not seem to be semantically related to sinn.
However, the masculine derived noun masann is semantically related to the BP terms. Sinn is used for seizing and chewing food, the act of chewing food should be repeated continuously; otherwise, the food would not be ground. Likewise, if one wishes to sharpen tools like knives, one should constantly rub those tools against a grindstone or a strop. Accordingly, the similarity between the way we grind or chew food by means of teeth and the manner we sharpen a given tool by means of a strop accounts for the semantic relationship between sinn and masann.
Second, from the term wijih, JA has derived the following nouns:  These two nouns are feminine. In the first place, wijhah is not semantically associated with wijih. The derived noun names a trend or viewpoint as can be seen in the compound wijhit naḍar (viewpoint sight) "a point of view". Nevertheless, wa ̅ jhah is semantically related to wijih in that they both name the front portion of the head and the front portion of an entity like a building, respectively, which are visible portions. In brief, the position of the BP term serves as the basis of the semantic association.
Third, from the BP term laḥim "flesh", JA has derived the following nouns: ?ilḥa ̅ m "a solder" The feminine noun milḥamih is semantically associated with laḥim in that the purpose of milḥamih is to get meat for food by killing animals. Likewise, the masculine noun laḥḥam, in the sense of "butcher", is semantically associated with laḥim in that a butcher"s sole purpose is to kill animals for food. Further, laḥḥa ̅ m, meaning welder or solderer, is also related to laḥim in that the substance or metal used by a solderer is as soft and molten as flesh. Thus, the quality of both the body flesh and the soft metal used by a laḥḥa ̅ m serves as the basis of the semantic similarity between the BP term and this derived noun.
Finally, the masculine noun ?ilḥa ̅ m is also semantically associated with laḥim. We all know that when the body flesh burns, it melts; now, ?ilḥa ̅ m designates a fusible metal used when melted at a given heat for joining other metal surfaces together. Thus, this characteristic of melting of the body flesh furnishes the grounds for the semantic similarity that exists between the BP and ?ilḥa ̅ m.
Fourth, JA has got other derived nouns from the BP term ?iðin "ear" mentioned in (15) The first two nouns ?aða ̅ n which is masculine and meiðanih which is feminine are semantically related to ?iðin in terms of function. As I have stated earlier, the BP is the organ of hearing; likewise, ?aða ̅ n is a means of letting people hear or know the hour of prayer in the Islamic World. By the same token, meiðanih designates a tall tower an a mosque from which Muslims are called to prayer. Thus, the goal of ?iðin, ?aða ̅ n and meiðanih is the same in that they can all be considered as a means of hearing something or letting people know something. Hence, there is a semantic association between the BP and these two derived nouns.
However, the masculine noun ma?ðu ̅ n is not semantically associated with the BP. This is the case because this derived noun names an official or a person who is authorized by the government to perform civil or legal marriages. Nevertheless, one may arrive at some semantic relationship between ?iðin and ma?ðu ̅ n considering the metaphorical extension of the BP in JA which means "a permit"-i.e., an official or authorized statement, verbal or written, given to a person to do some actas is illustrated in below: ma C ak ?iðin ?itrawwiḥ hassa C ?
with + you ear to go now " Do you have a permit for going home/ leaving now?" Given this metaphor of ?iðin, one could claim that the noun ma?ðu ̅ n is semantically associated with this metaphor of the BP in that ma?ðu ̅ n, like the metaphor, has a permit or an official statement giving him the right to carry out his duty. If this is valid, then we can say that ma?ðu ̅ n is semantically associated with ?iðin in JA.
Fifth, there are other nouns derived from C ein in JA. These nouns are given in (16): ?a C ya ̅ n "distinguished, important people" C ayynih "sample, specimen" The nouns ?i C weina ̅ t and C ayynih are feminine, and ?a Cyan masculine. Besides, they exhibit some semantic association with the BP. The noun ?i C weina ̅ t names glasses worn in front of the eyes to help a person see objects around. Therefore, the function of both the BP, the organ of vision, and this derived noun is the basis of the semantic similarity between them. Further, ?a C ya ̅ n that refers to noblemen or peers seems to be semantically related to C ein in that the former as is shown in the compound majlis ?al-?a C ya ̅ n "house of lords" names those people who are expected to keep an eye on all other people in the society. Accordingly, the function or task of the people named by this derived word furnishes the basis for the semantic association between it and the BP term. Finally, C ayynih seems to be semantically associated with C ein. The derived word designates a portion of some object intended for verification, testing, or being seen or shown. In addition, C ayynih is a part representing the whole of some entity, and so is the body eye in the sense that it is just a part of the whole body. Thus, the purpose of C ein and C ayynih and the part -whole relationship denoted by both words seem to be the source of the semantic relatedness between the BP and the derived noun.
Sixth, JA has derived two more nouns from the BP kaff given in (17): covering has exactly the same shape of the hand including the palm part. Likewise, kaffih which names one of the two matched pans or receptacles of a scale or balance is also semantically associated with the BP in terms of both shape and function. A pan is circular, wide and shallow in shape similar to the shape of kaff although the BP is not circular. Further, like kaff which holds objects, kaffih is also used for holding liquids and solid materials. Therefore, the shape and function of this BP serve as the basis of the semantic relatedness between those derived nouns and the BP term.
Seventh, JA has derived the noun ramma ̅ š a winker" from the BP term rimiš "eyelid".This word is masculine and semantically related to the BP. Ramma ̅ š names the agent or person who does the act of winking. The basis of the semantic association is the fact that the eyelids are mobile-they can move up and down very quickly-and a winker moves the eyelids, thus closing: and opening the eye very quickly. Consequently, both ramma ̅ š and rimiš are semantically associated.
Eighth, there are other nouns derived from the BP term tahunih (pl. tawahin) given in (18): The nouns ṭaḥu ̅ nih and miṭḥanih are feminine, and ṭaḥı ̅ n and ṭaḥḥa ̅ n masculine. All these words are semantically associated with the BP; the source of the association is the function of the molar: It is used for crushing, pulverizing or breaking up food into fine particles. Ṭaḥu ̅ nih names a device or instrument for grinding as can be seen in the compound ṭaḥu ̅ nit gahwa "a coffee grinder". Miṭḥanih, like ṭaḥu ̅ nih, names a machine or device by means of which a solid or coarse substance like grain is ground. Ṭahı ̅ n signifies the output, product or substance resulting from grinding. Finally, ṭaḥḥa ̅ n stands for the person who operates tends a mill. Consequently, given the function of ṭa ̅ ḥu ̅ nih, the semantic association of these derived nouns with the corresponding BP becomes highly apparent.
Ninth, from gadam "foot" JA has also derived the masculine noun gaddu ̅ m "an adz". It is similar to the BP in the sense that it names a hand cutting metal tool which is gadam-shaped. Accordingly, the shape of gadam is the basis of the semantic association of this derived noun with the BP term.
Tenth, there are two more nouns derived from the BP ṣidir "chest": ṣada ̅ ri "bras" and ṣidriyyih "a vest or waistcoat" which are feminine. Like so many other derived words, ṣada ̅ ri is semantically associated with the BP; the derived noun which has the same size and shape of one's chest names an undergarment used by women to shape or support their breasts. Similarly, ṣidriyyih is semantically similar to ṣidir in terms of the position of the BP, which is the front upper part of the body. Ṣidriyyih designates an article of clothing, a vest or a waistcoat, worn under a jacket on the body part. "That there would be names for articles of clothing derived from body part terms is not particularly surprising given the purpose of clothing and given the physical clothing and the body" ( Petruck, 1986, p. 237).
Eleventh, from the BF term C aṣab, JA has derived three more nouns given in (19): ?i C ṣa ̅ b "bandage" C uṣbah "association,band" The feminine noun C aṣabiyyih seems to be semantically associated with the BP. The BP is the source of the impulses of sensation or emotion in the human body. Similarly, the derived noun is an abstract noun which designates excessive enthusiasm zeal for emotions for some people or entity, or which describes the state or condition of someone who gets on his nerves. Thus, since both the BP and this noun make reference to the nervous system, we assume they are semantically associated. However, the noun ?i C ṣa ̅ b which is feminine has no semantic relationship to the BP; in JA, this noun designates a strip of soft cloth used for dressing, binding or covering a wound. Likewise, the feminine noun C uṣbah does not bear any semantic relationship to C asab as can be seen in the compound C uṣbat ?il-?umam "League of Nations" where the derived noun signifies an association. Twelfth, another noun is derived from the BP term rag "head"; this is ri?a ̅ sih "presidency", the gender of which is feminine. This derived form is semantically associated with ra ̅ s. I have already maintained that ra ̅ s is at the top part of the body; now ri?a ̅ sih names the office or the term of the office occupied by a president who presides over a society, country, or any other organized body. Thus, the position of the BP is the basis of the semantic relationship between ra ̅ s and ri?a ̅ sih.
Finally, two more nouns are derived from the BP term jilid "skin"; these are the feminine noun jildih "a piece of leather" and the masculine noun jalla ̅ d "the one who lashes or strikes with a whip". The noun jildih, like jilid, names a piece of leather, animal skin, or hide used for holding together or tying some object or objects. Therefore, the function of jilid is the basis of the semantic association of jildih with the BP term. Likewise, jalla ̅ d is semantically similar to jilid in the sense that it names a person who hits, strikes or punishes somebody or something using a whip or an instrument made of leather or animal skin. Consequently, this BP is extended to instruments or tools made of the body skin or some other Soft of leather.

Conclusion
The present work has examined nouns derived from BP terminology in JA. We have realized that most of the nouns are semantically as associated with the BP from which they are derived. Consequently, the meaning of such nouns could be readily inferred or predicted from the meaning of the BP terms basically because the semantic feature of the BP terms have spread onto the derived nouns.
Nevertheless, there are other nouns, which are a few in number, whose meaning cannot be similarly predicted mainly because such nouns as kafı ̅ f, C aṣa ̅ bah, and ?a ̅ *in signify and express objects or notions the relationship of which to BP terms is idiosyncratic. Accordingly, one can conclude the following: Nouns whose meanings are predictable from the meaning of BP terms need not be listed in the lexical entries of their own.
Further, the derived nouns are used to designate concrete and abstract objects in a variety of lexical semantic domains in JA culture like geometry, clothing, trading, anguish, emotions, religion, and the like. Such semantic domains are apparently external to the BP domain. However, the physical characteristics of position, shape and function of BP terms furnish the basis of the extension of the BP terms to outside lexical semantic domains.
Finally, it is obvious that JA has the capacity of expanding its lexicon by means of deriving words from already existing words. The present paper has presented a pretty large number of nouns derived from BP terminology in JA.