Metaphors in the Reports on the Reform and Opening-up Policy in China

This study, based on the BCC (Beijing Language and Culture University Corpus Center) corpus, systematically analyzed the metaphorical reasoning of the Reform and Opening-up in China. It finds a tendency of concentration for the sources. The top four sources (Journey: 83.14%; Nature: 8.16%; War: 6.31%; Building (1.15%) contributed 98.76% of the resonance among all the 16 source domains. These four sources highlight two important aspects: Events (Journey, War and Building) and Conditions (Nature). The different sources share some highlights such as leadership, participant, places, result and process, but they also have specific foci: Journey on decision making, destination and motivations; War on risks, conflicts and tactics; Building on complex structure of the project. These productive sources can reveal the ideologies promoted by the government which inspired people’s devotion, patience, openness, tactics, alertness, sense of honor and morale.

we draw metaphorical expressions to understand another conceptual domain is called source domain, while the conceptual domain that is understood this way is the target domain" (Kövecses, 2010, p. 4).
He mentioned that "metaphorical linguistic expressions are words or other linguistic expressions that come from the language or terminology of the more concrete conceptual domain" (Kövecses, 2010, p. 4).
According to the basic notions of conceptual metaphor, in the news reports on R&O, the concept of R&O is the Target domain because it tends to be more concrete, while the concepts used to understand it are Source domains, such as War, Journey, Construction and Nature in (1a), (1b), (1c) and (1d).
However, there may be other sources that can be used in the conceptualization of R&O, because "the primary function of metaphor is to provide a partial understanding of one kind of experience in terms of another kind of experience" (Lakoff, 1980, p. 154) and that "metaphors can have the power to define reality, they highlight some features of reality and hide others" (Lakoff, 1980, p. 157). In addition, just as Kövecses (2010) mentioned, "concepts have several aspects to them, speakers need several source domains to understand these different aspects of target concepts" (p. 96). Therefore this paper attempts to analyze the conceptual metaphors of R&O, which may reveal the different highlighted aspects promoted by the authoritative media of People's Daily.

Data Collection and Description
In this research, the contexts of R&O are extracted from the sub-corpus of news and journals in BCC corpus (see footnote1.), which will supply the potential metaphorical contexts for the research. The key words (Chinese characters) are 改革开放(gaige kaifang) (Reform and opening-up). With the key words typed into the searching box of the sub-corpus, a total of 94182 hits of contexts (30 characters on both sides of the keywords) are extracted from BCC corpus and copied into an Excel file for further analysis.
As to the identification of conceptual metaphors in discourse, Charteris-Black (2004) proposed two stages: "the first requires a close reading of a sample of texts to identify the presence of semantic tension-either at linguistic, pragmatic or cognitive levels resulting from a shift in domain use" (p. 35).
The first step is read through the contexts to identify the semantic tension between the Target keyword 改 革开放(gaige kaifang) (Reform and opening-up) and the words involved in the statements of the Target key words. As to the identification of the Source domains, the semantic classification dictionary of Chinese: The Thesaurus of Modern Chinese (Su, 2013)

and A Usage dictionary of Chinese and English Conceptual
Metaphors (Su, 2009) will provide important references for the index words for different domains.
"The second stage is a further qualitative phase in which corpus contexts are examined to determine whether each use of a key-word is metaphoric or literal. (Charteris-Black, 2004, p. 35). In the second stage of this research, the semantic relationships between the Source domain keywords and the Target keyword are examined. When semantic tensions identified, the contexts will be marked as potential metaphorical expressions in the relevant columns (M as marker) and the potential Source domains and the keywords that www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/sll Studies in Linguistics and Literature Vol. 5, No. 2, 2021 97 Published by SCHOLINK INC. indicated them are also copied into the relevant columns respectively as shown in the sample table below. After the reading and marking procedure, the columns of Property are sequenced by increasing order, which produce the number of potential metaphorical contexts (20607 among 94182 hits ). Next the columns of Types and Tokens are also sequenced by increasing order respectively, and the number of each are calculated and marked besides the keywords of each, as demonstrated in Table 2 below. After the classification of the potential sources and the calculation of the types and tokens of each source, it comes to the calculation of the resonance of the potential metaphors. According to Charteris-Black (2004), "the resonance is an indication of the extent to which metaphor source domains are found in a particular corpus and therefore is a measure of their productivity" (p. 89) The way to calculate the resonance is that "it is the sum of the tokens multiplied by the sum of the types of the metaphors that are from the same source domain" (Charteris-Black, 2004, p. 89). Therefore the resonance of Stage metaphors in the corpus of R&O is 175 (65+42+38+27+1+1+1)×7 (1+1+1+1+1+1+1)=1225.
The measure of the resonance of the source domain is useful because "this figure can then be compared with that for other source domains; the value of this measure is that it provides empirical evidence for the resonance of different source domains" (Charteris-Black, 2004, p. 89). Based on the calculation above, the resonance of the other sources is all calculated which may show the productivity of the potential metaphors. The data processing produced 16 source domains as shown in Table3 below.
The ranking of resonance percentage in Table3 showed that the resonance of the source domains is relatively concentrated on Journey (83.14%), Nature (8.16%), War (6.31%) and Building (1.15%). These four sources produced 98.76% of the total resonance, while the fourteen other sources (Plant, Human, Music, Experiment, Chess Game, Exam, Stage, Drawing, Animal, Book, Business and Sport) combined only produced 1.24% of the total resonance and their individual percentage is all below 1%. However, the total token is 20607 and the total resonance is 3200115, so, even with extremely low percentage, there are still noticeable types and tokens for less productive sources in the reports.
The resonance of the source domains and the percentage of each resonance show their different productivity, which may, to some extent, reveal the different highlighted aspects of R&O and the different ideologies promoted in the news report of R&O in People's Daily.

Metaphorical Reasoning of R&O in People's Daily
The results from the data processing will be discussed in this section to explore the metaphorical reasoning of R&O, the tendencies of the source domains and the functions of them. In this section, the most productive source domains will be analyzed in detail respectively while the less productive source domains will receive relative less attention for the relatively less complexity of them and the length restriction of this paper.

Source Domain Resonance
The data collection, metaphor identification and classification found 16 source domains for R&O reports in People's Daily. According to the resonance ranking in Table3, the top four productive sources have the highest percentage of resonance (Journey: 83.14%; Nature: 8.16%; War: 6.31%; Building (1.15%) and among all the 16 source domains, these four sources take 98.76% of all resonances, so they are the most productive, and will be analyzed in details respectively in the following sections.

Journey Metaphor
Journey metaphor is the absolutely dominant source domain in the report of R&O, because it has the most linguistic forms and occurrences and the highest percentage of resonance (83.14%), therefore it is the most productive. According to Lakoff (1993), journey metaphor is "the event structure metaphor" (p. 220) in which "Long term, purposeful activities are journeys. Purposes are destinations. Means are paths (to destinations). Causes are forces. Changes are movements. Difficulties are impediments to motion. Expected progress is a travel schedule" (Lakoff, 1993, p. 220 local governments, who take the lead to find good approaches to implement it.
The means to achieve the development with the implementation of R&O are the roads to the destination.
Road or routes play an important role in the metaphorical reasoning of R&O reports, and the different aspects of road are mapped onto the means or process of R&O implementation.
(4) a. 改革开放之初，大家几乎从比较贫困的起跑线出发。 At the beginning of R&O, almost all of us embark on the starting line of relative poverty.

b. 改革开放的道路艰难曲折而又充满希望。
The road to implement R&O is tough and full of twists and turns, but full of hope as well.

c. 改革开放既不走封闭僵化的老路，也不走改弦易帜的邪路，不改革开放只有死路一条。
The implementation of R&O should neither take the old road of retreat and rigidity, nor the misleading road of reverse course. Without R&O, there is only the dead end.

e. 中国正式加入世贸组织是改革开放的一个历史性里程碑。
China's official entrance into WTO is a historical milestone in the implementation of R&O.

f. 改革开放的最大思想障碍和阻力是害怕资本主义。
The biggest ideological obstacles and hindrances are the dread of capitalism.
In (4a), the beginning of the R&O implementation is the starting line. In (4b) and (4c), the process may be smooth or tough just like the road taken, familiar means are old roads. When the correct road (means) taken, it will proceed successfully; when the wrong road (means) taken, it will be full of twists and turns and mislead travelers to dead ends. In (4d) and (4e), the temporary achievements of R&O implementation are the distance travelled while the important achievements or events are the milestones. In (4f), the difficulties in the process are obstacles or hindrances on the road.
In the Journey process, travelers may use vehicles. According to Lakoff (1993), "a vehicle is a superordinate category that includes such basic level categories as car, train, boat, and plane" (p. 211), while "the examples of vehicles are typically drawn from this range of basic level categories: car (long bumpy road, spinning our wheels), train (off the track), boat (on the rocks, foundering), plane (just taking off, bailing out)" (Lakoff, 1993, p. 211 The rule of law is the beacon that guided the ship of Chinese R&O to the predetermined tack in front of trails and hardships.

d. 直辖新机遇推动重庆改革开放驶入快车道。
The new opportunity of municipality promoted the R&O of Chongqing onto the fast lane.
e. 离开 "四个坚持"，改革开放就会脱离社会主义轨道。 Without the Four Cardinal Principles, R&O in China will be derailed from the socialism track.

f. 改革开放双轮驱动，中国经济实力显著增强。
Driven by the two wheels of R&O, Chinese economic power has been strengthened significantly.

g. 深圳改革开放进入深水区，深化改革开放需要寻找新引擎。
The R&O in Shenzhen entered the abyssal zone, and a new engine was needed for further R&O.
In (5a) (5b) and (5c) sail, fuel and so on and these tokens can manifest the metaphorical reasoning by through vehicles, however for the concern of paper length, they will not by exemplified in details.
Movement is also important in journey metaphor. According to Charteris-Black (2004), "Journey is a prototype purposeful activity involving movement in physical space" (p. 73). Lakoff (1993) held that "Changes are movements" (p. 220), while Charteris-Black (2004) "conceptualized progress as movement forwards " (p. 74). In the reports on R&O, through Journey metaphor, the movement category is mapped on to the changes attained through the implementation of R&O in China.
(6) a. 我们的改革开放事业刚刚起步，任重而道远。 We have just step on the course of R&O, with long-term and arduous tasks ahead. In the examples above, the expressions for movement are adapted in the metaphorical reasoning on the changes and development initiate by R&O. In (6a), the first action to implement R&O and the first changes from is the first steps taken. In (6b), (6c) and (6d), the changes towards an expected conditions (destinations) are movement forward and the changes may be quickened (speed up), but it may also be slow and stagnant or steady and smooth. However the expected changes or conditions should not be changed (irreversible) and they will change to better conditions rather than to worse conditions (backtrack). Some other tokens of movement also present, such as leap, turn, retreat, fall behind, miss, take off, jump, stop, lead, catch up and so on. They metaphorically describe the changes initiated by R&O; however for the concern of paper length, they will not be analyzed respectively.
The end of a journey is the destination. Lakoff (1993) mentioned that "Purposes are destinations; States are locations" (p. 220) and that "Purposes are desired locations" (Lakoff, 1993, p. 226). Based on such metaphorical reasoning, we may propose that DESIRED STATES ARE DESTINATIONS. In R&O reports, the desired social states or conditions are the destinations (Purposes) for the R&O implementation.
(7) a. 我们一定能够把邓小平同志开创的改革开放伟大事业进行下去，胜利到达我们的目的地。 We can definitely carry on the great course of R&O, which was initiated by Deng Xiaoping, and reach our destination with triumph.
b.改革开放是发展生产力，解放生产力，要坚持改革开放，一直到共产主义。 R&O is to liberate and develop productivity, so we must adhere to it until we reach communism.
c. 改革开放是富国强民之路，是民族振兴之路。 R&O is the road to a powerful country, rich people and the national prosperity of China.

d. 改革开放是通往现代化的必由之路。
R&O is the inevitable course to the modernization in China.
In (7a), the expected conditions or social models are conceptualized as the destination of journey. In (7b), the destination or the expected social model is specified: communism. In (7c) and (7d) Charteris-Black (2004) analyzed metaphors in economy and found that"it is the instability of water that is most salient when it is used for economic concepts; Water and its behaviour readily becomes a heuristic for the understanding of more abstract processes (p. 163) and he specified the abstract process as the following "Movement in the water is used to convey, often in a more emotional style, instability, rapid changes".

War Metaphor
R&O policy is born to encounter endless conflicts because the basic notion of it is "domestic institutional reforms and opening to the outside world" (Mühlhahn, 2019, p. 488 theism) and so on. Therefore in the reports on R&O policy, expressions of conflicts, especially war expressions are used in the metaphorical reasoning of the policy. Yang and Dong (2017) held that "war metaphor is an analogy from real war fares to non-war actions or events. As a kind of discourse phenomena, war metaphor describe non-war categories through war terms and endow these categories with strong antagonism, urgency and rhetorical and cognitive tensions" (p. 2).
The analysis of the corpora showed that war metaphors in R&O reports are manifested in such aspects as war participants, battlefield, war actions, weapons and equipment.
(10) a. 天津作为中国北方最重要的港口城市，在新一轮改革开放中争当领军者、排头兵。 As the most important port city in Northern China, Tianjin strives to function as the Commander and vanguard ( soldier at the formation head) in the new round of R&O.

b. 深圳是中国改革开放的闯将。
Shenzhen is the path-breaker (brave general) in the R&O of China.
c. 青年应该自觉站到时代前列，争做改革开放的急先锋和现代化建设的生力军。 Young people should be ready to stand in the front of time and strive to work as the daring Pioneers of R&O and the vital force in modernization construction.

d. 人民群众是历史的创造者，也是改革开放的主力军。
The masses is the creator of history and the main force of R&O.

e. 他是改革开放新政策的得力的一位实施指挥员。
He is a trusty commander in the implementation of the new policies of R&O.

f. 干部队伍是推动改革开放并在改革开放中不断发展壮大着的一支生机蓬勃的队伍。
The contingent of cadres grows up as a contingent of increasingly thriving vitality in process of promoting R&O.

g. 官僚主义是当前改革开放的大敌。
Bureaucrat-ism is currently the big enemy to R&O.
Kövecses (2010)  In (10 a) and (10b), the cities which implemented R&O policy first are conceptualized as Commander, Vanguard and Path-breaker respectively because they take the lead to implement the policy and set leading examples to other places. In these two cases, GOVERNMENT AS A PERSON metaphor also works, because the governments of the two cities are the entities that implement the policy. In (10 c) the function of the young people in R&O implementation is conceptualized as daring pioneers and vital forces because they are brave and full of vitality. In (10 d), the masses are treated as the main force of R&O, because the policy can only be implemented when the masses follow it to make changes in society, without their involvement and devotion, the policy will only be abstract notions. In (10 e) the person who can lead the mass to conquer hindering factors to implement the new policy is conceptualized as a trusty commander who can guide the soldiers to fight. In (10f) the cadres who work in different walks of society are treated as the contingent because they work as a team in the fight against hindering factors in R&O implementation. In (10 g), Bureaucrat-ism is the hindering factor to R&O, and should be conquered, so it is conceptualized as enemy of war that has to be defeated.

Another important aspect of war is the battlefield. Within IMPLEMENTION OF R&O FOR
DEVELOPMENT IS A WAR, the places to implement the policy may be conceptualized as the battlefields, however corpora analysis showed that the places vary in functions. In (11a), the reform of economy is conceptualized as the main battle filed because economic foundation decides political superstructure and economy is decisive in R&O implementation. The places where R&O was implemented first are the front lines (11b), outpost (11c) and bridgehead (11g), because they are the first places to implement the policy and also first to confront the conflicts from the implementation. They In POLITICS IS WAR metaphor, "the weapons used by the army are the ideas and policies of the political groups" ( Kövecses, 2010, p. 68  In (12a), political theory are conceptualized as the banner on the battlefield because banners on battlefields indicated the marching direction while Deng xiaoping Theory marked the political direction for R&O policy and guided the people to victory. In (12b) when the trumpet for battle is sounded, the battle will begin,while when the assembly announced the policy, it will be implemented. In (12c) and (12d), the political ideology or policy are the weapons to conquer the conflicts in R&O implementation, and the first attempt to implement the policy start the first bomb to solve the conflicts. In (12e), the national defense forces can guarantee the stable social environment of R&O, so they are the backing to supply security to the war of implementing R&O policy.
The process of R&O implementation for development is full of conflicts, so the expressions for conflicts or war, such as conflict, challenge, mobilize, march, defend, conquer and victory, can also be used in the metaphorical reasoning of the process of R&O implementation. The conceptual metaphor beneath these

g. 党领导全国人民在改革开放中胜利实现社会主义现代化。
The Party led all Chinese to victory in realizing the socialist modernization through R&O.
In (

Building Metaphor
In the metaphorical reasoning of R&O, buildings also play an important role. "Human beings build houses and other structures for shelter, work, storage, and so on. Both the static object of a house and its parts and the act of building it serve as common metaphorical source domains." (Kövecses, 2010, p. 19

c. 改革开放建设者们解放思想，勇敢实践。
The constructors of R&O emancipate their minds to practice courageously.
In (14a) and (14b), Deng xiaoping was regarded as the chief architect and founder of R&O because he was the leader who contrived the policy of R&O, and his thoughts are the ideological and political bases upon which the implementation of R&O is carried out. In (14c), the Chinese people who devote themselves in the practice of R&O implementation are the constructors because they are the one that realized the policy through their trails and practices.
The construction of a build involves such steps as design the blueprint, lay the foundation, construct and so on. In the construction of social or political policies, these steps of physical construction are mapped onto the abstract measures or actions in the implementation of the policy. The construction process (physical and abstract) is "a staged process that implies social co-operation (since buildings are rarely constructed single-handedly) and that takes place over an extended period of time" (Charteris-Black, 2004, p. 96).
(15) a. 有中国特色社会主义理论为中国的改革开放事业设计了一幅宏伟蓝图。 The theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics laid out a magnificent blueprint for the R&O enterprise in China.

b. 邓小平的重要讲话为我国改革开放事业进入新阶段奠定了思想理论基础。
The important speeches by Deng xiaoping laid the ideological and theoretical foundations for the development of the R&O enterprise into a new stage.

c. 引智工作为改革开放和现代化建设提供强大的科技动力和智力支撑。
The recruitment of talents will provide powerful technological motives and intellectual support to R&O implementation and modernization construction.

d. 经过改革开放 20 多年的建设，我们的综合国力增强了，与世界的差距缩小了。
With the construction of R&O for more than 20 years, the comprehensive national power of China has been reinforced and the gap between China and the world has been narrowed. In (15a), the contriving of the policy or plans for the R&O implementation is conceptualized through the process of laying out the blueprint. Blueprints are the structure maps that designed scientifically for constructing the complex and upright structure of a building. The policies and plans for development in all aspects are interconnected to form a complex system (the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics) and they have to be contrived scientifically to guarantee the upright development towards the expected society (socialism). In this metaphorical reasoning, THEORY IS BUILDING and SOCIETY IS BUILFING also work. In (15b) and (15c), the speeches by Deng xiaoping provided the basic theoretical notions upon which the plans and policies are contrived and implemented, so they are the foundations that guarantee the development of R&O. The enrollment of talents play an important role in implementation of the policies and plans because plans and policies need to be realized with the intellectual contribution of the talents. In (15d), the implementation process over 20 years is conceptualized as the construction process, because both of need time to guarantee the endurance of the expected building.
Building is a complex framework with different components, such as foundation, column, door, window and so on. The combination of these components in a scientifically-designed method will produce the stable, endurable and useful building. The relationships between the different components and the functions of them can be mapped onto the abstract framework of R&O policy.
(16) a. 依法治国是新一轮改革开放的制度基石。 To govern by law is the institutional cornerstone for the new round of R&O.

b. "两个务必"是进行现代化建设和改革开放的精神柱石。
The Two Principals (Note 3) is the spiritual column in the implementation of R&O and the modernization construction.

c. 各行各业先进分子是支撑当今中国改革开放大厦的栋梁。
The activists from all walks are the pillars to support the building of R&O in current China. principles can keep the upright spirit for the Party members who play leading role in R&O implementation, so they are like columns that support the building (R&O implementation). In (16c)   Frontier and highland are the nearest to the conflicts on the battlefield, so it can inspire the sense of urgency in the participants of war, but they may also command some advantages from the highland. The places which take the first step in R&O implementation will encounter risks, changes and conflicts, so they are at the frontier. The strategies and tactics in used in the war against the risks and conflicts are the measures or principles adapted in the implementation, and this inspired the awareness of techniques and skills. The achievements in R&O implementation are the victories in the battle against the risks and conflicts and they will inspire the sense of honor and hope in the participants. There are also some similarities between Journey metaphor, War metaphor and Building metaphor, because they are all purposeful activities which are composed of participants, procedures, places and desired purposes. The participants are the leader (Pathfinder, Commander, and Architect) and the follower (Traveller, Solider and Builder). The procedures are the steps and movements in Journey, War and Construction while the difference between them are that Journey process highlights the horizontal forward movement which commands time, devotion, and patience from the participants War actions highlight counter-actions against conflicts therefore it emphasis the conflicts and risks, and tactics for the countermeasures against them while the construction action is the vertical upward movement therefore it highlights the interdependence of different elements that guarantee the stability and endurance of the building. All events or actions of the three need places (Road, battlefield and construction site). The desired purposes of the three are the destination, the victory and the construction.
These three events and actions sources have positive evaluations for the R&O implementation because they depict the implementation as a forward or upward movement towards the desired destination and a bright future, therefore they can arouse people's active devotion to the grand project under the leadership of the Party, meanwhile it also alert the people to the potential risks and challenges in the process because the course may not be smooth all the way there may be turns and twists obstacles and hindrances therefore they need to be patient Meanwhile there may also be risks, conflicts and enemies which keep the people alert and vigilant, and these challenges can arouse people's sense of honor and keep their morale to confront all risks and challenges.

Conclusions
Based on the data from sub-corpus of People's Daily in BCC corpus, this study conducted a systematic analysis on the metaphorical reasoning of R&O implementation in the news reports. After the collection of potential target domain contexts, the identification of potential source domains and the calculation and ranking of the resonance of the sources, it is found that 16 sources are adapted in the metaphorical reasoning of R&O implementation, but the general distribution of the resonance showed a concentration tendency because the top four sources (Journey: 83.14%; Nature: 8.16%; War: 6.31%; Building (1.15%) contribute 98.76% of all resonances. This tendency may to some extent reveal the highlights of the reports and the ideologies promoted in them. The source domains also have different aspects but they are partially adapted in the reports and they also have their highlights. Productive policy is also evaluated as warm spring winds that bring humid warm winds to the earth. Among the top four productive sources, three of them are related to purposeful activities or events. Journey metaphor and building metaphor depict the implementation as a forward or upward movement towards the desired destination and a bright future, which can arouse people's active devotion to the grand project under the leadership of the Party. War metaphor may alert the people to the potential risks and challenges in the process because there may be turns and twists obstacles and hindrances. War metaphor can also arouse people's sense of honor and keep their morale to confront all risks and challenges.
In conclusion, in the reports of the R&O implementation, metaphors are used to promote the different aspects of this complex social and political event. The different highlights can inspire the readers and participants to devote themselves to the grand project, in the process of which leadership, devotion, patience, alertness courage and cooperation are needed.
This study conducted a systematic analysis on R&O policy implementation from the perspective of conceptual metaphor, and will bring some light to the study of this great policy that changed the history of China meanwhile it will also add some new element to the study of political discourse analysis.