Original Measures for Persons with Disabled and Vocational Rehabilitation in ASEAN Countries -From the Outline of Support for Children with Intellectual and Mental Disabled-Ryotaro

<jats:p>None</jats:p>


Introduction
I will give an overview of the welfare system and services for children with disability in Southeast Asian countries, with a particular focus on measures for children with intellectual and mental disabilities, and finally summarize my thoughts on future prospects. sea bream.
Until World War II, Asian countries were greatly affected by the politics and economy of the colonial policies of Western countries. Under the control of the United Kingdom for Malaysia and Singapore, the Netherlands for Indo Nessia, the United States for the Philippines, and France for the Indochina countries, social welfare systems, and services have been developed in each country.
However, there was a great deal of global movement towards people with disabilities after the war. This was triggered by the movement of the United Nations Decade of Persons with Disabilities (1983-92) in 1980 and the subsequent "Decade of Persons with Disabilities in the Asia-Pacific" (1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002).
(Intellectual disabled, mental disabled) The way of support has changed drastically and continues to this day.
Southeast Asian countries can be broadly divided into three groups according to their economic development. ①Singapore, Brunei ②Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia ③ Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, Next, I would like to summarize the characteristics of measures for people with intellectual and mental disabilities in each country. Organization, which is the largest private organization in Japan, promotes employment activities for persons with intellectual disabilities while operating facilities such as "Tampines Home".

2). Brunei
Brunei is famous for free medical and educational expenses. While maintaining the highest income of the people after Singapore, various efforts are being made in social welfare services. Regarding the pension system, there is a system called Employee Trust Savings (Tabung Amanah Pekerja), and all private-sector employees must join this system, and the employer also accumulates 5% of wages and retires (at the age of 55), the reserve fund is paid.
However, if you have a serious illness or disability, employment is being promoted while receiving treatment and rehabilitation in Singapore and other places.  According to 1996 statistics, 1% of the total population is disabled, 55% of whom are concentrated in rural areas and are engaged in agriculture, forestry, and fisheries. In the county, about 5% of all households have children with disabilities, and the least productive are those with multiple disabilities and those with intellectual or mental disabilities.
Famous facilities include the "Regional Vocational Rehabilitation Center" in Cebu City and the "National Vocational Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities" in Manila. However, during the Megawati administration, it was separated into the "Ministry of Social Affairs" and the "Ministry of Health", but after that, the two ministries were integrated again and an employment promotion system for persons with disabilities started. Various programs are being implemented at social welfare offices in each state, and community welfare is being strengthened in collaboration with local

NGOs. A well-known facility for people with intellectual disabilities is the "Rehabilitation Center for
People with Intellectual Disabilities (Kartini)" in Temanggung, Central Java, which was built by Japan's "Grant Aid for Grassroots". We have trained many professional human resources.

7). Vietnam'
Vietnam is a long-standing French colony, the initially Catholic church in Ho Chi Minh City in the south.
Social welfare systems and services have flowed in, centered on the Ku Church, and the unification of the north and south, and the economic system is maintained by a capitalist system called Doi Moi.
Children with disabilities have been watched over, based on indigenous villages and communities, and in strong ties with family ties. Although the basic method for persons with disabilities was established in 1998 and the basic support policy for persons with disabilities as a nation has been established, the actual operation of the system is the so-called regional unions (women's federation, youth federation, farmers).
It is done by federations, etc.). In 2000, a bill was enacted for children with disabilities due to chemical weapons such as defoliants due to the Vietnam War, but the actual operation was supported by private charitable organizations and NGOs from overseas. This is the current situation, and it is an issue for the future.

8). Laos
Similar to Vietnam, the development of social welfare systems and services was delayed in Laos due to the effects of the long-standing war. The social welfare and social security system in Laos is aimed at civil servants, military personnel, police officers and their families, and has not yet fully survived to the general public.
In addition, the public's view of persons with disabilities is also discriminated against and prejudiced, and those who have persons with disabilities in their families remain in a very difficult situation, selfhelp by temples and churches in their respective regions, and from foreign NGOs. The current situation is that we rely on support. Today, the book is discussing how to support and cooperate in reforming the welfare system to eliminate such prejudice and discrimination, and in creating a system for education and implementation of the national role of services.

9). Cambodia
Cambodia is a country that has lost many talented people due to genocide under the Pol Pot administration.
Moreover, it is a country where economic development is delayed and there are numerous problems and issues in social security and social welfare systems and services. Many land mines still remain as scars of the civil war, giving birth to many children with disabilities. The government finally enacted a "Bill for the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities" in 2008, but the current situation is that no concrete system or service has been implemented. Families with children with disabilities seem to be starting activities in various places, so-called self-help groups of the families concerned, while relying on the support of local temples and international NGOs. The government has just started to develop human resources by establishing the first social worker training department in the Royal University of Phnom Penh in 2007 by the United Nations Children's Fund.

10). Myanmar
It is no exaggeration to say that Myanmar is currently in a state of conflict between the military government and its citizens, and various social welfare-related systems and services have been suspended.
Myanmar's Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM), in particular, is concerned about the military-led reopening of schools, the dismissal of teachers who participated in it, the economic downturn caused by prolonged turmoil, and the effects of the prolonged new coronavirus on the economy. Due to the exhaustion caused by the impact of the school, life is prioritized over schoolwork, and even if the school is reopened, not all the students will return, and many students are leaving school. As of the end of November, the expected dropout rate is extremely high as shown below, and all staff are concerned about the situation that has never been seen before.

B. Characteristics of welfare for persons with intellectual and mental disables in Southeast Asia and future issues (conclusion)
The historical and socio-cultural backgrounds of each country are extremely different in Southeast Asia, and it cannot be said that this is the characteristic of Southeast Asia. However, despite the complex social structure and cultural diversity of Asia (especially Southeast Asia), the purpose of social welfare is to help people live in "safety, security, and comfort" beyond nations and ethnic groups. In the midst of internationalization, informatization, and aging, the issues of "improvement of quality of life", "normalization", and "maintenance and development of human rights ideas" through true international cooperation and collaboration have become issues. Under such circumstances, it can be said that the common issues are the issues common to Southeast Asia in "development of welfare human resources" and "development of education system". To this end, it can be said that it is an urgent task for developed countries in Asia to take action to develop human resources and reform the education system in response to the social and cultural backgrounds of each country in Southeast Asia.