Drama of Separatism

Kashmir dispute is an extremely complicated phenomenon offering obviously an unmanageable challenge to contemporary conflict resolution methods and techniques. The research article attempts to investigate the relationship between the Hurriyat and unrest in Kashmir and in addition to this, it tries to examine the role of separatists powers in regulating the Kashmir unrest. The study is based on an argument that how the separatist parties are striking extremist politics on Kashmir issue and how they are preserving the power of separatism. The paper will examine the major reasons that are responsible for the growth of separatist forces, insurgency, unrest and how it gained momentum only after 1989. Finally, the paper will explore some of the contemporary trends prevailing in the Kashmir conflict.


Introduction
The conflict in the state of Jammu and Kashmir is one amongst the longest running of these days, although it will be thought that six decades of conflict is considered modest in a historical viewpoint.
The conflict is often demarcated in terms of "enduring" and "protracted" defined by Paul as; "persistent, fundamental, and long-term incapability of goals between two states" (Paul, 2005, p. 4); this was additionally underlined by Wyman; arguing that the India-Pakistan rivalry is among the enduring rivalry dyads born feuding (Paul, 2005, p. 81). Beginning as a bilateral dispute over territorial claim stemming from India's claim of management to the whole state of Jammu and Kashmir, and Pakistan's irredentist claim to the Indian controlled of Jammu and Kashmir, the conflict has evolved on the far side interstate level. Growing widespread discontent throughout the 1980's introduced new actors www.scholink.org/ojs/index.php/uspa Urban Studies and Public Administration Vol. 1, No. 2, 2018 321 Published by SCHOLINK INC. similarly as a wider variety of aims and interests with the more and more advanced and multidimensional nature, the conflict has become more and more ideological on all sides.
As we all know that, India and Pakistan were founded as two separate states in 1947, the "Indian Independence Act" included a provision permitting 562 princely states to make a decision whether or not to join India or Pakistan and most states decided to stay within its respective national domains. A key foundation for the conflict may be derived from the region's exceptional ethno-religious diversity being created up by four districts of the State viz., Kashmir, Jammu, Leh and Kargil. Of the four districts, Kashmir is mostly Muslim dominated, Leh and Kargil are largely Muslim and Buddhist dominated ones, while as Jammu region is predominantly a Hindu dominant one. The area is fundamentally conflicting prone (Ganguly, 1997, p. 39), although having a predominantly Muslim population; the region was governed by the Hindu Maharaja Hari Singh who strongly favoured Kashmir's independence (Blank, 1999, p. 39). However, following an attempted invasion by Pakistani tribal forces, Maharaja Hari Singh; hoping to forestall a rebellion and a Pakistani-backed incursion saw no choice however to join India (Ganguly, 2006) (Paul, 2005. This was unacceptable for the Pakistani nationalist government whose leading frontrunner Mohammed Ali Jinnah who thought-about the absorption of Kashmir as very important by arguing that Pakistan would be "incomplete" without it, Jinnah decided to send troopers to the region. On the contrary, Indian nationalists view the unification of Kashmir as a demonstration that India could be a nation where all faiths may live together beneath the aegis of a secular state (Ganguly, 1997, pp. 8-10). Thus, losing Jammu and Kashmir would for Indian nationalists undermine its secular identity.
As both the nations chose to send troopers, the dispute intensified into a brief war, ending with a peace agreement in late 1948, leaving Jammu and Kashmir distributed into two-thirds under Indian rule and the rest under Pakistan and China (Paul, 2005, p. 8).
Jammu and Kashmir is currently divided between three Asian Countries viz. China, India and Pakistan, where India is controlling most of the people and Pakistan most of the Territory. The partition between them came during the 1947-48, as both the countries fought over the future of Kashmir, which was a princely State (Note 1). Major and minor clashes have been always there between the two counties, which also have resulted in three major wars between these two countries involving Kashmir in 1947Kashmir in -48, 1965Kashmir in and 1971. Fighting has been always there between the two rivals, which sometimes results in the civilian causalities due to the exchange of firing, and artillery shelling from both the sides (Ganaie, 2017  The issues and problems that have swallowed the Kashmir valley have been intractable. Teresita Scahaffer attributes it to, "the full panoply of issues that generate stubborn problems: national identity, ethnicity, religion, tension between central and local government, and territory" (Note 2). The recent uprisings like that of the 2016, which came after the killing of Burhan Wani who was an elite "state repression, elite manipulation" (Ollapally, 2008), sovereignty (Bose, 2009), truncated power asymmetry between India and Pakistan (Paul, 2006), and political mobilization and institutional decay (Ganguly, 1996).

All Parties Hurriyat Conference
Hurriyat Conference commenced out as an organisational coalition of political parties and religious organisations in Kashmir intending at self-determination. They are the Kashmiri separatists who present the conception of an independence of Kashmir and its complete detachment from the union of Indian State.
Hurriyat conference is currently divided into two fractions in the form of Extremist as well as Moderate one. The Extremist one is led by Syed Ali Shah Geelani (Hurriyat-G) and the Moderate one is led by Mirwaiz Molvi Umar Farooq (Hurriyat-M) (Note 3).
All Parties Hurriyat Conference an alliance of 30 political, social and religious organisation whose foundation came on 9 th March 1993 as a strong and united political front to raise the cause of the Kashmiri Separatism (Note 4). The separatist alliance that mainly came after the defeat from bogus election in the State was positively viewed and supported by the Pakistan as it contested the claim of the Indian Government over the State (Note 5).

Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF)
The Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) (Note 6), which emerged as the most prominent organisation among the separatist context that believes in the armed rebellion. This extremist group was in its peak action during the 1989 that saw the beginning of the new militancy age era in the State.
This separatist extremist hardline group was founded in 1964 with a prevailing voice of Independence

Conclusion
The security situation, particularly in the valley of Kashmir, remains always at a distressing Juncture.
Series of past killings and frequent attacks on security forces always remains a hot issue. Apart from this, people thronging to encounter sites, the offering of gun salute by militants is always a cause for concern. Separatist forces and their parties are always there for making the issues more highlighted ones in order to make the issue more internationalized for a wider scope. Most importantly, the internationalization of the Kashmir issue should be checked and the integral parts of the Kashmir that have been retained by Pakistan and China should be brought into considerations.
New age militancy and modern forms of extremism should be checked always. Joining of the militant ranks should be taken into due consideration and we can learn a lot of lessons from the post-Afghanistan war situation, which has explored that, if a vacuum is allowed in the areas that are conflict-affected ones, then the radical groups operating there or who rule there with a religion and gun ideology will take enough advantage of those prevailing circumstances. If we will apply the same case in terms of Kashmir, we are having those all sides unrelenting in the conflict zone who are involved in the conflict but are without any solution to the problem. For the personal gains all the dominant parties whether political or separatist are in the valley they are only there for the self-benefits and they lack concrete objectives. There is no denial in the fact that longer the conflict continues more the sides involved in the conflict are subjects of polarization. The defeat of the fundamentalist forces in the valley should be there who believe in terror as a solution to it, ideology of such groups should not be allowed to be grown there and most importantly, support to Kashmir conflict from foreign soils should be checked.
Increase in conflict in the valley of Kashmir will get diminished once all the factors that are giving rise and exposure to it should be checked, like joining of militant ranks, more increase in the unrest, proper check on separatist forces, restricting their programs, policies and tactics that they are utilizing for massive mass movements and last but not the least stable and cooperative government should be there in the state who should work for the welfare of the general public rather than for self-benefits and political uncertainties.