Developing a Scale to Measure Empathic Embarrassment in Japanese Female University Students

Abstract

This study aims to develop a measure for empathic embarrassment among female Japanese university students. A total of 97 Japanese female university students rated 20 items. First, the factor structure of the Empathic Embarrassment Scale was examined using exploratory factor analysis, and the validity of this structure was evaluated via confirmatory factor analysis. The results showed that a two-factor model consisting of failure experience and self-centered behavior demonstrated the best fit.