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Effects of Endotracheal Administration of Epinephrine in Cardiac Arrest of Adult and Pediatric Swine
BACKGROUND: Few studies have investigated the effects of hypovolemia on area under the curve (AUC) and the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) comparing adults and children in cardiac arrest. AIMS: To compare the epinephrine endotracheal (ET) administration relative to AUC, rate, time to, and odds of achieving ROSC between hypovolemic adult and pediatric cardiac arrest models. METHODS: This was an experimental study using male Adult ET and Pediatric ET swine. Pediatric ET pigs (N=7) weighed 20-30 kg representing the average weight for a child between 5 and 6 years of age. Adult ET pigs (N=7) weighed 60 to 80 kg. All were exsanguinated 35% of their blood volume. Swine were put into arrest for 2 minutes. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was initiated for 2 minutes; epinephrine was then administered. Blood samples were collected over 5 minutes. RESULTS: No significant difference occurred in AUC between the groups (p > 0.05). The Pediatric ET group had higher rates of ROSC and a shorter time to ROSC (p < 0.05). Pediatric ET group had a 15 times greater odds of achieving ROSC compared to the Adult ET group. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this study, we recommend epinephrine administration via ET within the pediatric arrest model, but not for the adult.
Copyright (c) 2019 Steven Kertes, Valentina Fillman, Brandon Krawczyk, Logan Hirsch, Allison Martin, Phillip Noble, Thomas M. Clark, Aleczander Battelle, Joseph O’Sullivan, Don Johnson http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence of Anaemia in Pregnancy and Related Factors among Women Attending Antenatal Care (ANC) in General Hospital Bunza, Kebbi State, Nigeria
Background: Anaemia in pregnancy remains a major cause of maternal death in Sub-Saharan Africa, and it mostly results from a deficiency of iron and folate.Objectives: To determine the prevalence of anemia and the factors associated with it among pregnant women in Bunza, Nigeria. Materials and Method: A cross-sectional study conducted among 327 pregnant women attending ANC in General Hospital Bunza, Kebbi State, Nigeria. Data were collected using a pretested questionnaire. Estimation of packed cell volume and RDT were alsodone for the participants; datawereanalysedusing IBMSPSS version 20. Results: The mean packed cell volume of the respondents was 30.7, with a SD 3.7 and majority of the respondents were having anemia 240(75.7%). Level of education of the respondents and their spouses, age at first pregnancy, spouses’ occupation, and the trimester at which the respondents booked were found to be significant p ?0.05for anemic status. Conclusion: The prevalence of anemia in pregnancy is high among pregnant women in Bunza, Nigeria, with the factors associated with it being the levels of education of the woman and that of her spouse, spouse’s occupation, having the first pregnancy before the age of 19 years, and late booking. Recommendations: Anemia in Pregnancy should be considered a public health problem in the LGA and state in general and girl child education should be given priority as a long term measure.
Copyright (c) 2019 Isah Balarabe Adamu, Azeez Shareef Ayotunde, Kehinde Joseph Awosan, Edzu Usman Yunusa http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Traditional Practices among Rural Women to Relieve Their Common Pregnancy Minor Discomforts: A Descriptive Study
Background: Pregnancy is a normal process that results in ? series of both physiological and psychological changes in women that require adjustment and adaptation on the part of the mother. The observable result of physiological changes is minor discomforts. The most common discomforts are morning sickness, heartburn, constipation, backache, and leg cramps. Although minor discomforts are non-serious, their presences detract from the mother feeling of comfort and well-being in many instances they can be avoid by preventive measures or healthful practices once they do occur. Aim: This study was done to assess the practices adopted by rural pregnant women to relive their common minor discomforts. Subject & Methods: The study was conducted at six maternal and child health centers in El-Mahalla Elkobra. A sample of 300 pregnant women was selected. Data were collected by an interview questionnaire. Results: the mean age of mothers was 27.44±5.36, 61.0% of them had 3 pregnancies or more, 76.7% used antenatal care services during their previous pregnancies, and 74.4% of the study subjects had irregular follow-up visits. The majority of them used harmful measures to overcome their minor discomfort than useful ones. Women’s mothers were the main sources of women’s information about practices to overcome common minor discomforts. Significant statistical relationships were observed between traditional practices to overcome common minor discomforts and some times of women’s characteristics as educational level, occupational status, age at marriage, family income and utilization of antenatal care services by the studied subjects. Conclusion: Most of the rural dwellers used traditional measures to relieve associated pregnancy minor discomforts. Traditional practices among pregnant women to relieve common minor discomfort during pregnancy in the rural area tended to be more harmful than useful ones. Usage of traditional practiced affected by women’s education, occupation, age at marriage, family income, and regular utilization of ANC services. Recommendations: Continuous education and training programs about pregnancy and its accompanied minor discomforts should be conducted for physicians, nurses, midwives, and TBAs to manage minor discomforts. Measures to combat women’s delay in initiation antenatal care services should be taken.
Copyright (c) 2019 Hanan Elzeblawy Hassan, Soheir Sobhy, El-Sayed Rakha, Iman El-Khayat http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The cancer cells are different from normal human body cells. The scientists advocating the Somatic Mutation Theory speculated that cancer is caused when mutations have caused the Human Genome of the human body-cells to be changed into the Cancer Genomes of the cancer cells. There is, however, no good reason to assume that mutations of the Human Genome would cause the cancer cells to grow and replicate out of control. There is, in fact, no good evidence indicating that there has ever been such mutations, or that cancer cells had been human body cells before they are changed by mutations into cancer cells. Perhaps cancer cells have always been cancer cells, but some cancer cells have not been inherited by the offsprings from their ancestors. Some of us believe that the difference between Human and cancer cells have resulted from the difference of their inherently different genomes, and have not resulted from changes, or mutations. The evolution of the eukaryote genomes and the evolution of the Cancer Genomes during the course of Earth’s history have followed parallel paths of evolution that indicate adaptations of the metabolic modes in response to the ever-increasing oxygenation of the Earth’s atmosphere during the past few billion years. Compared to that of the Human Genome of the human body cells, the cancer cells have genomes that indicate a retarded development in the evolution of the metabolisms. When the Human genome encodes a progressive mode of OXPHOS, the cancer genomes may still encode the anammox mode of metabolism. We cannot deny an assumption that cancer cells have inherited evolving cancer genomes that encode different metabolic modes, while their hallmark is the uncontrolled cell-growth and replications. |We have good evidence that cancer genomes have also evolved to encode progressively different metabolic modes. Chinese medical scientists have found, for example, a wealth of evidence that some forms of cancer may have been caused by the nitrite pollution of the public water supply. China’s Deep Standardized Well Water (DSWW) Program of substituting nitrite-free deep groundwaters as the source of public water supply was partially successful. Local cancer-mortality rates were reduced by half at places where there had been such substitutions. Nitrite, as a reducing agent, could be the indispensable chemical in our food or drink intakes that could render the interior of cancer cells anaerobic. Nitrite, as an oxidation agent, could then be the substrate of the metabolic reaction anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox). The source of oxygen would then be mineral-oxygen from the nitrite. PET scan studies have indicated an advanced stage of metabolism, when cancer cells have evolved to encode aerobic glycolysis under hypoxic conditions. We can postulate a hypothesis that predicts the starvation of cancer cells if there is no supply of nitrite in the food-take to the cancer cells as a substrate of anammox metabolism, or if there is no sufficient supply of glucose for glycolysis. We recommend thus to the UK’s National Health Services to look into this matter that nitrite in public water is a health hazard. Such an investigation serves as a clinical trial on the efficacy of diet-treatments to cure cancer.
Copyright (c) 2020 Kenneth J. Hsu http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0